Abstract
Handmade cloning (HMC) is the most awaited, simple and micromanipulator-free version of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The requirement of expensive micromanipulators and skilled expertise is eliminated in this technique, proving it as a major revolution in the field of embryology. During the past years, many modifications have been incorporated in this technique to boost its efficiency. This alternative approach to micromanipulator based traditional cloning (TC) works wonder in generating comparable or even higher birth rates in addition to declining costs drastically and enabling cryopreservation. This technique is not only applicable to intraspecies nuclear transfer but also to interspecies nuclear transfer (iSCNT) thus permitting conservation of endangered species. It also offers unique possibilities for automation of SCNT which aims at production of transgenic animals that can cure certain human diseases by producing therapeutics hence, providing a healthier future for the wellbeing of humans. The present review aims at highlighting certain aspects of HMC including recent advancements in procedure and factors involved in elevating its efficiency besides covering the potentials and pitfalls of this technique.
Highlights
The birth of Dolly in 1997 [1] by the somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technique was a major scientific innovation in animal cloning
Some adaptations were made in Traditional cloning (TC) to make it more robust and inexpensive, which led to the birth of handmade cloning (HMC), a technique known as zona free cloning or hand guided technique [4]
As per the existing data, no significant difference in the rate of developmental anomalies between TC and Handmade cloning (HMC) was observed in cattle
Summary
The birth of Dolly in 1997 [1] by the somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technique was a major scientific innovation in animal cloning. One of the major necessities in TC was to reduce the costs without compromising with the efficiency Keeping this in view, some adaptations were made in TC to make it more robust and inexpensive, which led to the birth of handmade cloning (HMC), a technique known as zona free cloning or hand guided technique [4]. Synchronization between donor nucleus and the recipient cytoplasm The synchrony between the cell cycle of donor nucleus and the recipient cytoplasm is considered to be one of the key factors needed to increase nuclear reprogramming capacity and, thereby, cloning efficiency [13]. The use of donor cells at other cell cycle phases usually leads to poor embryo development after cloning due to either chromosome pulverization induced by premature chromosome condensation when occurring in S phase, or aneuploidy in G2/M phases [13]
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