Hand Grip and Pinch Strength in a Healthy Children Norms for 6 to 18 Years in Al-Kharj City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

BackgroundNormative values for hand grip and pinch strength among children in Saudi Arabia has not been well established. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to establish normative values for hand grip and pinch strength in children aged 6 to 18 years in Saudi Arabia.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted from different 5 regions in Saudi Arabia. Participants between the age of 6 years and 18 years old were recruited through different primary and secondary schools in Saudi Arabia. Data for age, gender, Body Mass Index, and preferred hand were collected. Hand grip strength was measured using digital hand dynamometer and the tip pinch, palmar pinch, and key pinch strength were measured using the hydraulic pinch gauge.ResultsA total of 616 participants included in this study (318 boys and 298 girls). Participants were stratified into 5 chronological age groups of 6–7 years, 8–9, 10–11, 12–13, 14–15, 16–17, and 18 years. The results showed an overall trend of increasing hand grip strength and pinch strength with age regardless of hand preference. Boys had significantly higher grip strength than girls in all age groups (P < 0.05).ConclusionThis study established normative values for hand grip and pinch strength in the healthy Saudi pediatric and adolescent population, using boys and girls aged 6 to 18. The outcomes of this study also demonstrated that gender, age, and hand preference can all have an impact on how strong a handgrip develops.

The purpose of the study was to provide reference values for grip and pinch strength for healthy children and adolescents in India. Grip and pinch strength were recorded for 900 participants stratified into 5 chronological age groups (5-6, 7-9, 10-12, 13-15 and 16-18years). Grip strength was measured using a Jamar Dynamometer and pinch strength using a Martin vigorimeter. The difference in grip and pinch strength between age groups was significant (p< 0.001 respectively). A linear rise in grip strength was noted from age groups of 5-6years to 16-18years. Moderate to strong positive association was observed between grip and pinch strength and upper extremity anthropometric characteristics (i.e., palmar width, hand span, hand length, arm length, forearm length, and upper limb length) from age groups of 5-6years to 16-18years. Boys demonstrated greater grip and pinch strength compared to girls in all age groups (p< 0.001). No difference was observed between the dominant and non-dominant hand in all age groups. Findings from the present study provide reference values for grip strength, tip to tip, key and tripod pinch for healthy Indian children and adolescents from 5-18years of age, which will be useful to guide rehabilitation outcomes in routine clinical practice.

Objectives: When pitching a baseball, players must use the intrinsic muscles of the hand to effectively control and propel the ball. Grip and pinch strength are metrics that reflect the strength of these muscles and can be easily obtained both in clinic and in the training field. Grip strength has been found to be a marker of an individual’s overall muscular strength 1 and a strong predictor of pitched ball kinetic energy in young baseball players. 2 Additionally, there has been a reported weak, but not significant, association between elbow injury and grip strength in youth players. 3 Diminished grip and pinch strength could lead to a decrease in dynamic stability of the medial elbow resulting in increased load on the UCL. Further, research is limited comparing grip and pinch strength to the load at the elbow during throwing. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate bilateral grip and pinch strength and its relationship to both ball velocity and elbow varus torque in high school pitchers. Methods: Data from 25 high school pitchers were included in this study (182.8±5.4 cm, 78.7±10 kg). Pitchers were tested for bilateral grip strength using a digital dynamometer and a pinch gauge to measure three-point pinch strength. Pitchers were then evaluated while pitching full-effort fastballs at 480 Hz using a 3D motion capture system (Motion Analysis Corp., Santa Rosa, CA). Each pitcher’s maximum grip strength, pinch strength, and fastest pitch were used in the analysis. T-tests were used to compare measures bilaterally and linear regression was used to evaluate the relationship between grip and pinch strength to ball velocity and elbow varus torque. Results: Average ball velocity was 35.3±0.3 m/s (79.0±0.7 mph) and elbow varus torque was 70.9±3.3 Nm. Grip strength (477.9±57.5 vs 474.9±57.2 N, p&lt;0.001), and pinch strength (101.0±16.5 vs 95.2±16.0 N, p&lt;0.001) were greater in the throwing arm compared to non-throwing arm. Throwing arm grip strength was significantly related to both ball velocity (r 2 =0.020, p=0.020) and elbow varus torque (r 2 =0.167, p=0.034), but both correlations were considered weak. There were no significant associations between pinch strength to either ball velocity (r 2 =0.067, p=0.124) or elbow varus torque (r 2 =-0.023, p=0.486). When normalizing pinch and grip strength to player mass (N/kg), there was a statistically significant, but weak, relationship between pinch strength and elbow varus torque (r 2 =0.139, p=0.049). There were no significant associations between normalized grip and elbow varus torque (p=0.112) or normalized grip/pinch and ball velocity (p=0.509 and p=0.523, respectively). Conclusions: Grip strength revealed to be positively correlated, albeit weakly, with both ball velocity and elbow varus torque. Pinch strength normalized to mass was weakly correlated to elbow varus torque. These findings suggest that while grip strength may play a role in pitching performance and injury risk, its impact is limited. Other factors, such as height, weight, and pitch specialization, should also be considered. Adolescent growth may impact the relationship between a pitcher’s strength and his injury risk. Future research should investigate grip and pinch strength acutely (between innings and throwing days) and chronically (over the course of a season) to fully assess its benefits or detriments to the throwing arm.

BackgroundThe association of cognition with hand grip and pinch strength has been well-recognized in older adults. The authors sought to explore: (1) associations among forward head posture (FHP), cognition, and hand grip and pinch strength in older adults; and (2) the mediator role of FHP in these pathways using structural equation modeling (SEM).MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 88 older adults (70.5% male; mean age = 68.75±3.87 years). Cognition was assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), head posture by the Craniovertebral Angle (CVA) obtained from photographic analysis, hand grip strength by a handheld dynamometer, and pinch strength by a pinch meter. Using the two SEMs, a potential mediator role of the CVA was investigated. While the MMSE was addressed as an independent variable in both models, hand grip and pinch strength were addressed as dependent variables in model 1 and model 2, respectively.ResultsThe correlations between the CVA and MMSE (r = 0.310), hand grip strength (r = 0.370), and pinch strength (r = 0.274 to 0.292) were statistically significant (p < 0.001). In addition, significant associations were found between the MMSE and hand grip and pinch strength, ranging from 0.307 to 0.380 (p < 0.001). The mediation analysis showed that the standardized total (β = 0.41, p < 0.001) and indirect (mediated) effects (β = 0.12, p = 0.008) of the MMSE on hand grip strength were significant in model (1) The results were similar for model (2) The standardized total (β = 0.39, p = 0.001) and indirect effects (β = 0.10, p = 0.026) of the MMSE on pinch strength were significant. As a partial mediator in both models, the CVA explained 29% and 26% of the total effect in models 1 and 2, respectively.ConclusionsThe CVA was associated with the MMSE, hand grip strength, and pinch strength, and CVA partially mediates the association of the MMSE with grip and pinch strength in older adults, indicating that cognition had an effect on grip and pinch strength through an indirect path via head posture. This finding reveals that evaluating head posture and providing corrective therapeutic interventions as needed may be beneficial in reducing the negative impact of decreased cognition on motor functions in older adults.

Introduction Normative values of grip and pinch strength are used to determine the effect of treatment, to assess patients’ initial limitation and provide a baseline for re-assessment of patient progress. Data gathered from western populations cannot be used for reference in Indian populations due to variations in genetic, environmental and nutritional factors. Methods A convenience sample of 1005 healthy adults was recruited for this descriptive study. Grip and pinch strength were measured with elbow positioned at 0°, 45°, 90° and full elbow flexion using a JAMAR dynamometer and B&amp;L Pinch gauge. Results Men presented significantly higher values for grip strength ( p ≤ 0.001) at 0° of elbow flexion (37.8 kg) than women (22.12 kg). For remaining positions of the elbow, average grip strength values in men were 33 kg and in women were 20 kg. Men presented significantly higher values of tip, palmar and key pinch (3.9, 6.7 and 7.2 kg) than women (3.2, 4.71 and 4.81 kg). Grip strength was significantly different at different positions of the elbow ( p ≤ 0.001); it was highest at 0° and lowest at 135° of elbow flexion among men. Conclusions Findings from study will provide reference values for grip, tip, palmar and key pinch strength for healthy Indian adults. Grip and pinch strength of healthy Indian adults is less compared with age and gender-matched population from other continents.

FRI0745-HPR Investigation of association between wrist pain, functional performance, grip and pinch strength in children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: cross-sectional study

Relationship between Grip Strength and Hand Bone Mineral Density in Healthy Adults

The study aimed to assess the percentage difference of hand dimensions and their correlation with grip and pinch strength among school children in Saudi Arabia. Anthropometric measurements, hand dimensions, grip, and pinch strength measurements were obtained from 200 healthy schoolchildren in both genders aged 6-16 years. A Jamar electronic handgrip dynamometer was used to measure handgrip strength in kg. Pinch dynamometer was used to measure the two-point pinch strength, three-point pinch strength and lateral pinch strength in kg. Hand circumference was measured following hand arch at the maximum palm level. Hand span from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the little finger with the hand opened as broad as possible. Hand length from the tip of the middle finger to the midline of the distal wrist crease. Palm length from the distal wrist crease to the base of the middle finger. The percentage of difference of hand dimensions between both the genders was statistically significant. Both handgrip and pinch strength were significantly correlated with anthropometric measurements and hand dimensions. Body mass index had mild correlation with both handgrip strength and pinch strength (P < 0.05). Age, hand circumference, hand span, hand length and palm length had moderate to strong correlation with both grip and pinch strength (P < 0.01). The current study provides a source of perspective reference values in clinical settings for hand dimensions. The present study showed significant correlations with handgrip and pinch grip strengths among schoolchildren in Saudi Arabia.

BackgroundMeasuring and comparing grip and pinch strengths with their normative data is a valid method to detect intensity of the numerous damages of hand. This research was carried out with the aim of establishing normative data of grip strength and three types of pinch strengths (Tip, Key and Palmar) in healthy Iranian adults.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, the study population was formed of 1008 people (526 men and 482 women) from healthy Fars race adults of over 20 years old in five cities of Iran. American Society of Hand Therapists (ASHT) recommendations were followed to establish normative data of grip and pinch strengths. Normative data of grip and pinch strengths were developed based on sex, 12 different age groups and dominant and non-dominant hands. Jamar dynamometer and Seahan pinch gauge were used to measure grip and pinch strengths, respectively.ResultsNormative data of grip and pinch strengths were provided. Grip and pinch strengths of men were significantly stronger than women. The maximum grip strength of men was obtained in the group of 20-24 years and among women it was in the age group 35-39 years. Regardless of gender, grip and pinch strengths were declined with aging.ConclusionNormative data of grip and pinch strengths were developed for Iranian population.

BackgroundMeasuring grip and pinch strength is an important part of hand injury evaluation. Currently, there are no standardized values of normal grip and pinch strength among the Korean population, and lack of such data prevents objective evaluation of post-surgical recovery in strength. This study was designed to establish the normal values of grip and pinch strength among the healthy Korean population and to identify any dependent variables affecting grip and pinch strength.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out. The inclusion criterion was being a healthy Korean person without a previous history of hand trauma. The grip strength was measured using a Jamar dynamometer. Pulp and key pinch strength were measured with a hydraulic pinch gauge. Intra-individual and inter-individual variations in these variables were analyzed in a standardized statistical manner.ResultsThere were a total of 336 healthy participants between 13 and 77 years of age. As would be expected in any given population, the mean grip and pinch strength was greater in the right hand than the left. Male participants (137) showed mean strengths greater than female participants (199) when adjusted for age. Among the male participants, anthropometric variables correlated positively with grip strength, but no such correlations were identifiable in female participants in a statistically significant way.ConclusionsObjective measurements of hand strength are an important component of hand injury evaluation, and population-specific normative data are essential for clinical and research purposes. This study reports updated normative hand strengths of the South Korean population in the 21st century.

Little is known about how specific radiographic features are related to hand strength in osteoarthritis (OA). This study examined associations of radiographic variables with pinch and grip strength among individuals with radiographic hand OA. Participants (n = 700, 80% female, mean age 69 years) were part of a study on the genetics of generalized OA. All had bilateral radiographic hand OA. Linear models were used to examine associations of grip and pinch strength with 1) OA in joint groups (proximal interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal [MCP], carpometacarpal [CMC]), 2) OA in rays (first through fifth), and 3) summed Kellgren/Lawrence (K/L) grades for severity of OA in all joints. Adjusted models controlled for age, sex, hand pain, chondrocalcinosis, and hand hypermobility. Mixed models accounted for clustering within families. In bivariate analyses, all joint groups, all rays, and total summed K/L grades were significantly negatively associated with grip and pinch strength (P < 0.05). In adjusted models, the only joint group significantly associated with grip strength was the CMCs, and only OA in the MCP joint was significantly associated with pinch strength (P < 0.05). The only ray significantly associated with grip strength (P < 0.05) was ray 1, and no individual rays were significantly associated with pinch strength. A higher summed K/L grade was significantly associated with both lower grip strength and lower pinch strength. Among individuals with radiographic hand OA, increasing radiographic severity is associated with reduced grip and pinch strength, even when controlling for self-reported pain. Individuals with radiographic OA in specific locations (CMC joints, MCP joints, and ray 1) may be at particular risk for reduced hand strength.

The effect of the absence or presence of the Palmaris longus tendon on pinch and grip strength was investigated in this study. Similarly, the effect of the presence or absence of the fifth superficial flexor digitorum on grip strength in the hand was studied. The aim of the present study was to assess the combined effect of these anatomical variations on pinch and grip strength. In this cross-sectional study, 523 volunteers and their 1046 hands were enrolled. Each hand was assessed for the presence or absence of the Palmaris longus tendon and for variations in the fifth superficial flexor digitorum function. Then the grip and pinch power of the hands were measured with the Jammar Dynamometer. The presence or absence of Palmaris longus had no effect on grip strength in the individuals studied. Likewise, variations in fifth superficial flexor digitorum function had no effect on grip and pinch strengths. But the results of statistical testing showed the effect of the presence of Palmaris longus on pinch strength (25.38 lbs in hands with Palmaris present vs 24.43 lbs in hands without Palmaris). Pinch and grip power was higher in men than in women and in the right hand than in the left. Based on the findings of the present study, it seems that absence of the Palmaris longus tendon is associated with a reduction in pinch strength but has no effect on grip strength, and the variations in the fifth superficial flexor digitorum (flexor digitorum superficialis, or FDS) have no effect on pinch and grip strengths.

Hand grip strength is supported as a valid physical capacity measure in older adults. Normative values for community-dwelling older adult hand grip strength were recently updated. With the majority of community-dwelling older adults identified as sedentary, it is likely that current norms represent a group that is relatively inactive. A sub-population of senior athletes who actively engage in exercise and competitive sport have consistently demonstrated superior performance on measures of physical capacity when compared to the general population. Normative values for hand grip strength have not been established for this unique group of aging athletes. To establish hand grip strength norms for senior athletes and to compare these outcomes to available normative data in community-dwelling older adults. Cross-Sectional Study. Measures of hand grip strength were taken on 2,333 senior athletes registered to compete in the National Senior Games between 2011 and 2017. Findings were divided into age and gender categories consistent with community-dwelling norms. Student t tests were used to compare senior athlete means to community-dwelling norms. Cohen's d was calculated to estimate the effect size of each comparison. Normative values for senior athlete hand grip strength are reported in kilograms by age, gender and hand dominance. For each age and gender category tested, senior athletes demonstrate dominant hand grip strength that ranges from 8.6-11.1 kg higher for males and 5.5 to 8.9 kg higher for females (p values<.0001) than published community-dwelling norms. Non-dominant grip strengths were also significantly higher (p values<.0001). Effect sizes were medium to large (Cohen's ds = 0.44-1.5). Senior athletes demonstrate hand grip strength that is significantly higher than their community-dwelling peers and more similar to a younger community-dwelling population. The population--specific norms presented here will assist health care providers in more accurately assessing this high-functioning subset of aging adults. 2b.

Purpose: Distal radius fractures are commonly treated with volar plate fixation, which can cause flexor tendon irritation. However, the effect of plate position on pinch and grip strengths has not been thoroughly studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of plate position on grip and pinch strength in patients who underwent volar plate fixation. Methods: We evaluated 40 patients who underwent volar locking plate fixation for distal radius fracture between 2018 and 2023. Patients were divided into three groups based on the Soong classification. We compared the modified Mayo wrist score, pinch and grip strengths between the affected and contrlateral normal extremities, and wrist range of motion at the last follow-up visits. Results: Of the 40 patients evaluated, 32 were included in the study: 10 were in grade 0 group (Soong grade 0), 11 in grade 1 group (Soong grade 1), and 11 in grade 2 group (Soong grade 2). Significant differences in modified Mayo wrist scores were found between grade 0 and 2 groups and between grade 1 and 2 groups. When comparing pinch strengths of all groups, grade 0 group had significantly better pinch strength than grade 1 and 2 groups. Regarding grip strengths, grade 0 group had a significantly better pinch strength than grade 2 group. Conclusions: Plate location can affect grip and pinch strength in patients undergoing volar plate fixation for distal radius fracture due to flexor tendon irritation. Patients with no increase in pinch strength in the postoperative period should be evaluated using ultrasonography (USG) for tendon irritation, and early implant removal should be considered if necessary.

The present study aims to provide normative values for Hand Grip Strength (HGS) and Hand Pinch Strength of healthcare staff and evaluate key body anthropometric predictors of these strengths. This cross sectional study was conducted on 2,337 healthcare staff. HGS and pinch strength were assessed for both hands using a hydraulic hand dynamometer and pinch gauge. Descriptive data were reported for dominant and non-dominant HGS and pinch strength, after stratification by gender, age, and height. Multivariatelinear regression analysis was performed to assess predictor variables. The maximum HGS values were identified in men aged 35 to 40, measuring 38.00 ± 7.81kg, and in women aged 50 to 55, measuring 22.20 ± 4.13kg. The highest pinch strength values were recorded in men aged 45 to 50, with measurements of 7.16 ± 1.48kg, and in women aged 35 to 40, with measurements of 4.24 ± 1.15kg. The predictor variables for dominant HGS and pinch strength exhibited 59% and 51% prediction for variations in dominant HGS and pinch strength, respectively, using gender, height, and wrist circumference as predictors. Height (for grip: dominant hand: β = 0.33, CI [0.28, 0.37]; for pinch: dominant hand: β = 0.04, CI [0.02, 0.05]) was the most effectively correlated anthropometric variable. The findings demonstrate differences in HGS and pinch strength among different gender and age groups. Multiple linear regression analysis highlights the crucial role of anthropometric variables in evaluating hand strength. These results can provide guidance for future research and clinical assessments. Not applicable. Level III (analytical cross-sectional study on big sample size).