Haloperidol disrupts Akt signalling to reveal a phosphorylation-dependent regulation of pro-apoptotic Bcl-XS function

Abstract

The antipsychotic drug haloperidol is still used to treat psychosis and “agitation”, often with devastating consequences, particularly in geriatric and pre-demented patients. Cytotoxicity induced by haloperidol has been associated with induction of Bcl-XS, a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family, as well as with modulation of the Akt pro-survival pathway. Using preneuronal PC12 and primary neuronal cultures, we show that haloperidol inactivates Akt. This induces the dephosphorylation of serine residues in Bcl-XS and promotes its association with the mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), as well as with cytochrome c- and caspase-3-dependent events. These events are sensitive to expression of constitutively active Akt. Mutation of Serine106 (Ser106), which is flanked by a putative Akt motif, hinders the association of the Bcl-XS protein with Akt, but promotes its association with VDAC. The dephosphorylation mimic, Bcl-XS(Ser106Ala), induces caspase-dependent PC12 and neuronal cell apoptosis. In contrast, Bcl-XS(Ser106Ala) induces a significant loss of VDAC expression, and cytochrome c- and caspase-independent toxicity in the non-neuronal HEK293A cells. We link haloperidol and Akt to Bcl-XS-sensitive toxicity via cell line-dependent mitochondrial events centering on VDAC. This clearly mitigates the chronic use of haloperidol in neuropsychiatric populations, but supports its use as a potential acute therapeutic in cancer, where apoptosis is desirable.