Half-integer flux quantization in a superconducting loop with a ferromagnetic π-junction

Abstract

Superconducting loops containing a π‐junction are predicted to show a spontaneous magnetic moment in zero external magnetic field. In order to confirm this longstanding prediction experimentally we performed magnetization measurements on individual mesoscopic superconducting niobium loops with a ferromagnetic (PdNi) π‐junction. The loops are prepared on top of the active area of a micro Hall‐sensor based on high mobility GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures. We observe switching of the loop between different magnetization states at very low magnetic fields, which is asymmetric for positive and negative sweep direction. This is evidence for a spontaneous current induced by the intrinsic phase shift of the π‐junction. In addition, the presence of the spontaneous current at zero applied field is directly revealed by an increase of the magnetic moment with decreasing temperature, which results in half integer flux quantization in the loop at low temperatures.