Abstract
High-temperature carbonisation is used to prepare many traditional Chinese medicine charcoal drugs, but the bioactive haemostatic substances of these medicines and their mechanisms are still unknown. This study developed and evaluated nanoparticles (NPs) derived from Selaginella pulvinate Carbonisata (STC) for the first time. The haemostatic effect of STC-NPs prepared at 300, 350, and 400 °C were investigated in mouse tail amputation and liver scratch experiments. STC-NPs obtained at 400 °C had the strongest haemostatic effect, and were accordingly characterised by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. STC-NPs averaged 1.4–2.8 nm and exhibited a quantum yield of 6.06% at a maximum excitation wavelength of 332 nm and emission at 432 nm. STC-NPs displayed low toxicity against mouse monocyte macrophage RAW 264.7 cells by CCK-8 assay, and STC-NP treatment significantly shortened bleeding time in rat and mouse models. Coagulation assays showed that the haemostatic effects of STC-NPs were related to improving the fibrinogen and platelet contents, as well as decreasing the prothrombin time that resulted from stimulating extrinsic blood coagulation and activating the fibrinogen system. The STC-NPs had remarkable haemostatic effects in the tail amputation and liver scratch models; these effects may be associated with the exogenous coagulation pathway and activation of the brinogen system, according to the evaluation of the mouse coagulation parameters. This novel evaluation supports the material basis of STC use in traditional Chinese medicine, and this article is worthy of study by authors of clinical pharmacy.
Highlights
Charcoal treatment is a major category of Chinese medicine, with 2000 years of historical application, especially in the treatment of haemorrhagic diseases that show a convergent haemostatic effect [1,2,3]
The bleeding time of mice intraperitoneally injected with Selaginella tamariscina Carbonisata (STC)-NPs prepared at different temperatures ranged from short to long (300 ◦ C < 350 ◦ C < 400 ◦ C)
STC nanoparticles (STC-NPs) prepared at 400 ◦ C had the strongest haemostatic effect and were selected for use in the following experiments
Summary
Charcoal treatment is a major category of Chinese medicine, with 2000 years of historical application, especially in the treatment of haemorrhagic diseases that show a convergent haemostatic effect [1,2,3]. One study [6] showed that tannins play a major role in the haemostatic effect of carbon drugs. Another study reported that it was a change in flavonoids that was closely related to haemostatic effect enhancement [7]. These inconsistent results cannot reasonably explain the similar haemostatic effects of many different charcoal medicines. This study explains the haemostatic effect of carbonized medicinal materials from the perspective of nanomaterials
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
