Haemostatic complications in haemodialysis patients: effect of type of vascular access and dialysis filter

Abstract

Impaired haemostasis is common in patients with end‐stage renal disease, and may cause either thrombotic or bleeding complications. The purpose of this study was to assess whether plasma markers of coagulation activation in patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis (HD) can identify high‐risk individuals, and to test the relevancy of type of vascular access or dialysis filter. We measured plasma levels of prothrombin fragment 1+2, fibrin D‐dimers and tissue factor in 82 HD patients before and after dialysis. Clinical endpoints during the year following blood sampling were thrombosis in blood access, changes in blood access, other thromboembolic events, bleeding complications, ischaemic vascular disease, or death. We found elevated baseline levels of all three parameters in HD patients, compared to normal reference ranges. Plasma levels of all parameters (particularly fibrin D‐dimers) were significantly higher in patients with prosthetic grafts and central venous dialysis catheters than in patients with native vessels. Patients with AV‐fistulas or grafts who had bleeding complications (n=7) had significantly higher plasma levels of fibrin D‐dimer and prothrombin fragment 1+2. Bleeding complications also occurred more frequently among the patients with prosthetic grafts (3/18) or central venous dialysis catheters (3/11) compared with those with grafts from native vessels (1/53). Other than a bleeding tendency, our data do no show any correlation between coagulation parameters and other clinical complications during haemodialysis. In conclusion, we found elevated plasma levels of markers of coagulation activation among HD patients. High levels of D‐dimers and prothrombin fragment 1+2 correlated to bleeding diathesis instead of thromboembolism, and this tendency was most pronounced in patients with prosthetic grafts.