Haemorrhoids

Abstract

Haemorrhoidal disease is due to pathological change in anal cushions with associated symptoms. Formed in embryonic life, anal cushions are the lip-like structures suspended in the anal canal by smooth muscle fibres arising from the conjoined longitudinal muscle layer. They contribute to resting anal pressure and form a compliant seal, preventing leakage of anal contents. Surgical management of haemorrhoids has rapidly developed over the last decade, and some of these techniques are reviewed.