Habitat requirements and niche selection of Maculinea nausithous and M. teleius (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) within a large sympatric metapopulation

Abstract

Identifying the factors determining the distribution and abundance of species is a fundamental question in population ecology. Based on habitat characteristics, we sought to identify factors affecting the abundance of two vulnerable large blue butterflies, Maculinea teleius and Maculinea nausithous. Both species often occur in sympatry and thus seem to have very similar requirements with regard to their wetland habitats. Even though, M. nausithous is usually far more widespread and abundant than M. teleius in Central Europe. For understanding this difference despite a similar ecology, more data is needed on the niche selection of both species. We have recorded Maculinea numbers, vegetation structure, food-plant abundance and ant community for 120 patches within a large sympatric metapopulation of both species in the Westerwald area (Germany). Unexpectedly (based on previous data), both species were equally common in the study area, reaching high densities of up to 61 (M. teleius) and 58 (M. nausithous) individuals per 50 m². In 116 out of 120 patches both species occurred sympatrically. The preferred habitat was extensively managed grassland, being mown or grazed twice a year. The abundance of both Maculinea species was positively related to vegetation height, food-plant and Myrmica rubra abundance. There was no association between M. teleius and its putative main host-ant Myrmica scabrinodis, indicating that M. rubra may serve as an important host in the Westerwald area. The positive effect of food-plant abundance was more pronounced for M. teleius, coinciding with a higher food-plant abundance at sites dominated by M. teleius compared to those dominated by M. nausithous. Thus, M. teleius seems to be slightly more demanding than M. nausithous in terms of food-plant availability.