Abstract
Vertebrates have particular habitat needs as a function of life cycle and reproductive stage. This paper uses four species as examples to illustrate a paradigm of environmental assessment that includes physical, biological, toxicological and human dimensions. Species used include Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens), northern pine snake (Pituophis m. melanoleucus), and red knot (Calidris canutus rufa, a sandpiper). The life cycles of these species include reliance on habitats that are aquatic, terrestrial, aerial, or combinations of these. Two species (frog, snake) are sedentary and two (salmon, sandpiper) are long-distance migrants. While some measurement endpoints are similar for all species (reproductive success, longevity, contaminant loads), others vary depending upon life cycle and habitat. Salmon have a restricted breeding habitat requiring coarse sand, moderate current, and high oxygen levels for adequate egg incubation. Leopard frogs require still water of appropriate temperature for development of eggs. Pine snakes require sand compaction sufficient to sustain a nest burrow without collapsing, and full sun penetration to the sand to allow their eggs in underground nests to incubate and hatch. Red knots migrate to high Arctic tundra, but incubate their own eggs, so temperature is less of a constraint, but feedinging habitat is. These habitat differences suggest the measurement endpoints that are essential to assess habitat suitability and to manage habitats to achieve stable and sustainable populations. Habitat use and population stability have implications for human activities for some, but not all species. Salmon are important economically, recreationally, and as part of Native American culture and diet. Red knots are of interest to people mainly because of their long, intercontinental migrations and declining populations. Other measurement endpoints for these four species illustrate the differences and similarities in metrics necessary to assess habitat needs. The implications of these differences are discussed.
Highlights
All animals have specific habitat requirements that contribute to their survival and reproductive success, and these requirements shift at different times of their life cycle
Assessment endpoints primarily relate to freshwater characteristics, and include water flow, water depth, pebble size, bank slope, and dissolved oxygen, conspecific nesting density, food availability and reproductive measures, contaminants and abnormalities in different stages, salmon landings, size and health of the salmon, contaminant levels toxic for consumption, and monies derived from salmon fishing licenses, fish hatcheries, and other businesses associated with salmon fishing, as well as the cultural and nutritional benefits for Native American Tribes (Table 3)
Selecting endpoints for assessment and monitoring is critical for managers, public policy-makers, and the public, as well as for people engaged in remediation and restoration of habitat
Summary
All animals have specific habitat requirements that contribute to their survival and reproductive success, and these requirements shift at different times of their life cycle. Examining different levels of assessment of habitat may be necessary to understand the status and trends for species, those that are endangered, threatened, or of special concern. We use four bioindicator species to examine the levels of assessment and the types of measures or biomarkers that can be used for assessment. The species considered, selected to represent different life cycles and types of habitat requirements, include Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens), northern pine snake Assessing the health and well-being of animal populations is an important aspect of environmental management. There are several levels of environmental assessment that should be considered when protecting habitat for species of special concern, whether endangered or not. The levels of assessment that we believe are important are: 1) physical; 2) ecological; 3) ecotoxicology; 4) human health; and 5) sustainability, and a combination thereof
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