Abstract
Dogs are companion animals that live in close proximity with humans. Canine H3N2 influenza virus has been isolated from pet dogs that showed severe respiratory signs and other clinical symptoms such as fever, reduced body weight, and interstitial pneumonia. The canine H3N2 influenza virus can be highly transmissible among dogs via aerosols. When we analyzed global gene expression in the lungs of infected dogs, the genes associated with the immune response and cell death were greatly elevated. Taken together, our results suggest that canine H3N2 influenza virus can be easily transmitted among dogs, and that severe pneumonia in the infected dogs may be partially due to the elevated expression of genes related to inflammation and apoptosis.
Highlights
The influenza virus infecting vertebrates is categorized as genera A, B, and C on the basis of the antigenic differences in their nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix proteins (M) [1,2]
Morphology of isolated canine H3N2 influenza virus To determine the shape of avian origin canine H3N2 influenza virus, the purified virus was observed by transmission electron microscopy
Viral titers, and aerosol transmission of canine H3N2 influenza virus in dogs When the dogs were i.n. inoculated with H3N2, they suffered from elevated body temperature and reduced body weight, and shed the virus via the upper respiratory
Summary
The influenza virus infecting vertebrates is categorized as genera A, B, and C on the basis of the antigenic differences in their nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix proteins (M) [1,2]. Influenza A virus is further categorized according to the 16 subtypes of hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 subtypes of neuraminidase (NA) [2,3]. All the known influenza A viruses can be found in aquatic birds, and have a broad spectrum of hosts, including chickens, cats, dogs, pigs, whales, and humans [2]. The transmission of influenza from animals to humans does not give rise systemically to a pandemic. It is predicted that pandemics caused by influenza A virus may occur 3–4 times per century. The first pandemic of the 21st century occurred in 2009, caused by the swine-originated H1N1 influenza virus [10]
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