Gypenosides derived from Gynostemma pentaphyllum suppress NO synthesis in murine macrophages by inhibiting iNOS enzymatic activity and attenuating NF-κB-mediated iNOS protein expression

Abstract

Gypenosides isolated from Gynostemma pentaphyllum are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine, with beneficial effects reported in numerous diseases, including inflammation and atherosclerosis, although the mechanism underlying these therapeutic effects is unknown. Because increased nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in these pathological conditions, we investigated whether the pharmacological activity of gypenosides is due to suppression of NO synthesis. The markedly increased production of nitrite by stimulation of RAW 264.7 murine macrophages with 1 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 20 h (unstimulated: 0.3 ± 0.3 μM vs. LPS: 32.5 ± 1.2 μM) was dose-dependently inhibited by gypenosides (0.1–100 μg/mL). When cells were pretreated with gypenosides (for 1 h) prior to LPS stimulation, subsequent NO production was significantly attenuated (IC 50 of 3.1 ± 0.4 μg/mL) ( P<0.05). Gypenosides (25 μg/mL) produced the same maximum inhibition of LPS-induced NO production as aminoguanidine, a standard inhibitor of NOS enzymes. Suppression of NO production occurred both by direct inhibition of the activity and expression of iNOS. Inhibition of iNOS protein expression appears to be at the transcriptional level, since gypenosides decreased LPS-induced NF-κB activity in a dose-dependent manner ( P<0.05), with significant inhibition achieved following pretreatment with 10 μg/mL gypenoside. Taken together, these results suggest that gypenosides derived from G. pentaphyllum suppress NO synthesis in murine macrophages by inhibiting iNOS enzymatic activity and attenuating NF-κB-mediated iNOS protein expression, thereby implicating a mechanism by which gypenosides may exert their therapeutic effects.