Gymnodinium litoralis sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a newly identified bloom-forming dinoflagellate from the NW Mediterranean Sea

Abstract

Recurrent high-biomass blooms of a gymnodinioid species have been periodically recorded at different sites in the NW Mediterranean Sea (Catalan and Sardinian coast), causing intense discolorations of the water. In this study, several strains of the causative organism were isolated and subsequently studied with respect to the morphology of the vegetative cells and different life cycle stages, pigments profile, and molecular phylogeny. Based on phylogenetic analyses, the strains were placed within the Gymnodinium sensu stricto clade. The species possessed a horseshoe-shaped apical groove running anticlockwise around the apex and the major accessory pigment was identified as peridinin. These characteristics place the organism within the Gymnodinium genus, as defined today, although some other characteristics, such as vesicular chambers in the nuclear envelope and a nuclear fibrous connective were not observed. Morphologically, the isolates highly resemble Gyrodinium vorax (Biecheler) but major differences with the latter suggest that they comprise a new species, Gymnodinium litoralis sp. nov. The resting cyst of this species is described herein from field samples of the Catalan and Sardinian coast; pellicle cysts were observed in field samples and also in cultures. This species recurrently produces high biomass blooms (>10 6 cell L −1) in summer along several beaches and coastal lagoons in the NW Mediterranean Sea (L’Estartit, La Muga River mouth, and Corru S’Ittiri). Knowledge about its geographic distribution is limited, since the precise identification of G. litoralis from the field or fixed samples can be difficult. Therefore we expect that molecular studies will reveal a much wider distribution of the species.