Abstract
Internet of Things (IoT) provides a framework for interconnecting, controlling and monitoring of real-world objects and smart-devices through sensors. The sensors need energy sources to continuously operate. Since the design and the size constraints may impede a sensor node to have a distinct power source, the Energy Harvesting (EH) techniques emerge to cope with the energy constraint problem. Massive IoT networks with the Radio Frequency (RF) EH capability requires new accessing methods to reduce or mitigate interference and collisions. In this paper, we propose a group-based Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol, where a group head coordinates the corresponding nodes. The group heads working as Hybrid Access Points (HAPs) provide nodes with power and relay their data to the base station (BS). The HAPs use a distributed coordination function (DCF) to access the channel, along with in-group coordinating mechanism. In a group, nodes reduce collisions by using a frame slotted ALOHA to access the medium, with the addition of the EH mechanism. Nodes utilize the harvest-transmit-and-sleep protocol to harvest energy, to transmit information utilizing the harvested energy and to sleep when channel is inactive. We study channel models for different communication environments influencing the usability of RF energy harvesting and examine their impact on the network performance. We aim to mitigate inter-group and intra-group collisions and to provide an energy harvesting and data relaying mechanism in a distributed manner. Performance evaluations are carried out through extensive simulations and the model and analysis are verified. It is shown that the analysis results match well with those of simulations. The proposed distributed group-coordination mechanism achieves significant network performance gain over the conventional schemes. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is shown by the network throughput, and the energy efficiency.
Highlights
Internet of Things (IoT) provides a framework for the interconnectivity of real-world objects [1], which enables the monitoring and controlling of physical environments and smart objects by collecting, processing and transmitting the data generated by sensor nodes [2], [3]
We propose a protocol for an IoT network with the Hybrid Access Points (HAPs) to live friendly with Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) stations
Radio Frequency (RF) energy harvesting provides a viable solution of continuous energy supply in an energy-constraint IoT
Summary
Internet of Things (IoT) provides a framework for the interconnectivity of real-world objects [1], which enables the monitoring and controlling of physical environments and smart objects by collecting, processing and transmitting the data generated by sensor nodes [2], [3]. The Radio Frequency (RF) power signals transmitted by various devices in a wireless network can be utilized to harvest energy [8], [9]. In order to give opportunities to the energy harvesting IoT nodes to connect with the WLAN stations, the protocol groups spatially distributed massive IoT nodes to reduce the inter- and intra-group collisions among the contending IoT nodes and the HAPs. The IoT nodes harvest energy from the HAPs and transmit the collected data to the HAPs. The HAPs and the IoT nodes contend for the shared channel. We propose an inter-coordination access control mechanism for a multi-tier network to provide seamless wireless communications and energy provisioning services to massively deployed IoT nodes. The nodes harvest energy from the power signal of HAP, transmit data and prefer to sleep in the inactive mode and, (ii) We propose a VOLUME 7, 2019. The minimum energy level is set to the pre-determined energy threshold of a battery, which helps to prevent a battery from being completely depleted
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