Abstract
Human beings assemble and maintain a diverse but host-specific gut microbial community along the longitudinal axis of the intestines. Helped by a functional tight junction, the default response to commensal microbes is tolerance, whereas the default response to pathogens is an intricately orchestrated immune response, resulting in pathogen clearance. Nutrients and industrial food additives were suggested to impact the intestinal ecosystem and to breach tight junction integrity. Taken together, certain nutritional components, increased intestinal permeability, disease specific dysbiotic pathobionts and their capacity of post translation modification of proteins, are luminal events that impact autoimmunogenesis. The present review expands on the multi gut originated axes and their relationship to remote organ autoimmune diseases. Brain, joint, bone, endocrine, liver, kidney, heart, lung and skin autoimmune diseases are connected to the intestinal luminal compartmental deregulated events to form the gut-systemic organs axes.
Highlights
Material and methods A PubMed search was performed using the following search words: gut, intestine, autoimmunity, autoimmune disease, incidence, microbiome, nutrient, intestinal permeability, leaky gut, post translational modification of protein, gut-axis, spanning the period 2000-2015.Special emphasis was given to identify manuscripts that dealt with the various gut-remote organs axes
Several mechanistic pathways were suggested to explain the crosstalks in the gut-brain axis [32,35,41,42,43,44]: From gut microbiota to brain: Production, expression and turnover of neurotrasmitters, neurotrophic factor (BDNF), enteroendocrine peptides, cytokines, tryptophan metabolites and bacterial-derived cell wall components, protection of intestinal barrier and tight junction integrity, maturation, activation and regulation of the microglia, the bacterial metabolome/proteinome (SCFA) and mucosal immune regulation
The human gut microbiota has been identified as a possible novel cardiovascular disease risk factor and dysbiotic profiles have been associated with obesity, type 1 and type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Summary
Material and methods A PubMed search was performed using the following search words: gut, intestine, autoimmunity, autoimmune disease, incidence, microbiome, nutrient, intestinal permeability, leaky gut, post translational modification of protein, gut-axis, spanning the period 2000-2015.Special emphasis was given to identify manuscripts that dealt with the various gut-remote organs (brain, joint, bone, thyroid, pancreas, endocrine, liver, kidney, heart, lung and skin) axes. The leaky gut and autoimmunity Increasing evidence, both functional and morphological, supports the concept of increased intestinal permeability as an intrinsic characteristic of several ADs in both humans and animal models of the disease.
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