Abstract
Studies have documented dysbiosis in the gut mycobiome in people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, it is not known whether dysbiosis in the gut mycobiome of T2DM patients would be reflected in people with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and if so, is the observed mycobiome dysbiosis similar in people with T2DM and DR. Gut mycobiomes were generated from healthy controls (HC), people with T2DM and people with DR through Illumina sequencing of ITS2 region. Data were analysed using QIIME and R software. Dysbiotic changes were observed in people with T2DM and DR compared to HC at the phyla and genera level. Mycobiomes of HC, T2DM and DR could be discriminated by heat map analysis, Beta diversity analysis and LEfSE analysis. Spearman correlation of fungal genera indicated more negative correlation in HC compared to T2DM and DR mycobiomes. This study demonstrates dysbiosis in the gut mycobiomes in people with T2DM and DR compared to HC. These differences were significant both at the phyla and genera level between people with T2DM and DR as well. Such studies on mycobiomes may provide new insights and directions to identification of specific fungi associated with T2DM and DR and help developing novel therapies for Diabetes Mellitus and DR.
Highlights
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) individuals who had Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) lesions in fundus photograph were confirmed on fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) (Table 1)
From the 83 fecal samples (30 healthy controls (HC), 25 T2DM and 28 DR), ITS2 mycobiomes were generated from 79 samples (30 HC, 23 T2DM and 26 DR)
In partial agreement with earlier studies that indicated increased richness in patients with hepatitis B [37] and Crohn’s disease (CD) in adults [26, 31], we report increased richness and evenness in T2DM compared to HC mycobiomes
Summary
The primary aim of the current study was to characterize and assess the gut mycobiome differences of individuals with T2DM, T2DM with DR and healthy controls
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