Gut microbiota Modulated by Probiotics and Garcinia cambogia Extract Correlate with Weight Gain and Adipocyte Sizes in High Fat-Fed Mice.

Jaeyoung Heo,Kelsey Caetano-Anolles,Joon Yoon,Hyeonju Ahn,Hwanhee Park,Minseok Seo,Woon Kyu Lee,Seoae Cho,Le Luo Guan,Yoon-Mo Kang,Se-Young Kim,Heebal Kim

doi:10.1038/srep33566

Abstract

Results of recent studies on gut microbiota have suggested that obesogenic bacteria exacerbate obesity and metabolic dysfunction in the host when fed a high fat diet (HFD). In order to explore obesity-associated bacterial candidates and their response to diet, the composition of faecal bacterial communities was investigated by analyzing 16S rRNA gene sequences in mice. Dietary intervention with probiotics and Garcinia cambogia extract attenuated weight gain and adipocyte size in HFD-fed mice. To identify obesity-causative microbiota, two statistical analyses were performed. Forty-eight bacterial species were found to overlap between the two analyses, indicating the commonly identified species as diet-driven and obesity-associated, which would make them strong candidates for host-microbiome interaction on obesity. Finally, correlation based network analysis between diet, microbe, and host revealed that Clostridium aminophilum, a hyper-ammonia-producing bacterium, was highly correlated with obesity phenotypes and other associated bacteria, and shown to be suppressed by the combination of probiotics and Garcinia cambogia extract. Results of the present study suggest that probiotics and Garcinia cambogia extract alleviate weight gain and adiposity, in part via differentially modulating the composition of gut microbiota in HFD fed mice.

Highlights

During the past decade, many researchers have focused on studying Firmicutes and its characteristic of increasing the capacity of energy harvest from indigestible sources in diet[5,10,11], mainly due to carbohydrate www.nature.com/scientificreports/
We aimed to investigate which gut microbes respond to dietary intervention such as high fat, probiotics, and Garcinia cambogia extract, as well as whether they are associated with obesity phenotypes in diet-induced obese mice
To evaluate obesity traits responding to diet, male C57BL/6J mice were fed a low-fat diet (LFD), high fat diet (HFD), HFD with probiotics (HFD +P) and HFD with a combination of probiotics and Garcinia cambogia extract (HFD +P +G) for 9 weeks, respectively

Summary

Introduction

Many researchers have focused on studying Firmicutes and its characteristic of increasing the capacity of energy harvest from indigestible sources in diet[5,10,11], mainly due to carbohydrate www.nature.com/scientificreports/. Recent studies have observed that a western-style diet increases gut microbial amino acid metabolism in humans and animals[8,12]. High-fat feeding increases microbial proteins of amino acid metabolism, which leads to the exceeding changes of gut microbial community composition in mice[12]. Previous studies have indicated that dietary intervention such as probiotics and polyphenol-rich fruit extracts changes the composition of gut microbiota, and reduces visceral adiposity and obesity in animals[13,14,15,16]. We aimed to investigate which gut microbes respond to dietary intervention such as high fat, probiotics, and Garcinia cambogia extract, as well as whether they are associated with obesity phenotypes in diet-induced obese mice. After 9 weeks of dietary intervention, three types of metagenome analysis on faecal microbial communities were performed to detect obesity-causative microbes responding to diet: 1) identification of differentially abundant microbiota (DAM); 2) identification of obesity trait-associated microbiota (TAM); and 3) network analysis in order to consider comprehensive information underlying gut microbiome features of diet-microbe interaction, host-microbe interaction, microbe-microbe interaction, and all combined interactions

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