Abstract
Gut microbiota has attracted widespread attention due to its crucial role in disease pathophysiology, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Metabolites and bacterial components of gut microbiota affect the initiation and progression of T2DM by regulating inflammation, immunity, and metabolism. Short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acid, imidazole propionate, branched-chain amino acids, and lipopolysaccharide are the main molecules related to T2DM. Many studies have investigated the role of gut microbiota in T2DM, particularly those butyrate-producing bacteria. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that fecal microbiota transplantation and probiotic capsules are useful strategies in preventing diabetes. In this review, we aim to elucidate the complex association between gut microbiota and T2DM inflammation, metabolism, and immune disorders, the underlying mechanisms, and translational applications of gut microbiota. This review will provide novel insight into developing individualized therapy for T2DM patients based on gut microbiota immunometabolism.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of chronic metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia
This review will focus on elucidating the correlation between gut microbiota and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the pathogenesis of T2DM mediated by gut microbiota, and the therapeutic interventions based on gut microbiota
Gut microbiota plays an important role in T2DM by exerting effects both in composition and function
Summary
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of chronic metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia. The number of diabetic patients will reach 700 million by 2045 with increasing economic burden for diabetes worldwide [1]. Accumulated evidence has implicated genetics, infection, immune disorders, obesity, and diet are closely related to diabetes. None of them can fundamentally prevent the development of diabetes and associated complications. Understanding the interplay of gut microbiome and diabetes would provide new insight into developing therapeutics for diabetes. A number of studies have demonstrated that gut microbiota plays an important role in T2DM. Symptoms of diabetic patients can be improved by modifying gut microbiota, which helps to reverse the impaired glucose tolerance and fasting glucose in prediabetes. This review will focus on elucidating the correlation between gut microbiota and T2DM, the pathogenesis of T2DM mediated by gut microbiota, and the therapeutic interventions based on gut microbiota
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