Gut microbiota and metabolic profile as affected by Maillard reaction products derived from bighead carp meat hydrolysates with galactose and galacto-oligosaccharides during in vitro pig fecal fermentation

Abstract

Maillard reaction products (MRPs) play pivotal roles in gut health by affecting the microbiome-host interactions. This study aimed at investigating the effects of MRPs derived from bighead carp meat hydrolysates with galactose and galacto-oligosaccharides on intestinal microbial composition and metabolic profile by in vitro pig fecal fermentation. The pH decreased sharply in the first 12 h and the highest production of butyric acid was observed in GM (glycated BCH with galacto-oligosaccharide) treatment with 64.7 μmoL/10 mL (p < 0.05) at 48 h. Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus were dominant in the GM treatment, while Escherichia-Shigella was predominant in LgM (glycated BCH with galactose) treatment at 12 h. The up-regulated metabolites indicated that GM and LgM might participate in the fatty acids synthesis and modulate lipid metabolism, respectively. Overall, GM will be more beneficial for gut health by promoting the production of butyric acid and fatty acids synthesis.