Gut microbiome: from the reference of the norm to pathology

Abstract

А systemic assessment of the state of the human intestinal microbiome was carried out in relation to its function in the macroorganism, aimed at providing the nutriome, and the factors that determine the adequate nutritional status. A new concept of "reference gut microbiome of a healthy person" was postulated and the requirements to it were formulated: interaction with the host according to the principle of mutualism, provision of immune balance with the macroorganism due to the correct formation of mucosal immunity, implementation of metabolic and regulatory functions without losses for the nutriome. A set of characteristics and biomarkers reflecting the taxonomic composition and population properties of the microbial community, as well as the state of its essential immune and metabolic functions, was proposed as a criterion for its assessment in healthy adults who consume a diet balanced in nutritive and energy value, appropriate for age and energy spending. The influence of alimentary factors on the formation of the human intestinal microbiome in early ontogenesis, the nature of dysbiotic shifts, including those under common non-infectious alimentary-dependent diseases (obesity, food allergy, urolithiasis), in Russians were studied, the ways of their correction and maintenance of the intestinal microbiota in the process of life were substantiated taking into account modern knowledge.