Gut Microbiome Composition Remains Stable in Individuals with Diabetes-Related Early to Late Stage Chronic Kidney Disease.

Ashani Lecamwasam,Karen M Dwyer,Richard Saffery,Elif I Ekinci,Tiffanie M Nelson,Leni Rivera

doi:10.3390/biomedicines9010019

Abstract

(1) Background: Individuals with diabetes and chronic kidney disease display gut dysbiosis when compared to healthy controls. However, it is unknown whether there is a change in dysbiosis across the stages of diabetic chronic kidney disease. We investigated a cross-sectional study of patients with early and late diabetes associated chronic kidney disease to identify possible microbial differences between these two groups and across each of the stages of diabetic chronic kidney disease. (2) Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 95 adults. DNA extracted from collected stool samples were used for 16S rRNA sequencing to identify the bacterial community in the gut. (3) Results: The phylum Firmicutes was the most abundant and its mean relative abundance was similar in the early and late chronic kidney disease group, 45.99 ± 0.58% and 49.39 ± 0.55%, respectively. The mean relative abundance for family Bacteroidaceae, was also similar in the early and late group, 29.15 ± 2.02% and 29.16 ± 1.70%, respectively. The lower abundance of Prevotellaceae remained similar across both the early 3.87 ± 1.66% and late 3.36 ± 0.98% diabetic chronic kidney disease groups. (4) Conclusions: The data arising from our cohort of individuals with diabetes associated chronic kidney disease show a predominance of phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. The families Ruminococcaceae and Bacteroidaceae represent the highest abundance, while the beneficial Prevotellaceae family were reduced in abundance. The most interesting observation is that the relative abundance of these gut microbes does not change across the early and late stages of diabetic chronic kidney disease, suggesting that this is an early event in the development of diabetes associated chronic kidney disease. We hypothesise that the dysbiotic microbiome acquired during the early stages of diabetic chronic kidney disease remains relatively stable and is only one of many risk factors that influence progressive kidney dysfunction.

Highlights

Individuals with diabetes and chronic kidney disease display gut dysbiosis when compared to controls [16,23]. It is unknown whether there is a change in this dysbiosis across the stages of diabetic CKD; the aim of this study was to undertake a cross-sectional analysis of gut microbiome profiles of patients with early and late diabetes associated CKD to identify possible microbial differences between these two groups and across each of the stages (1–5) of diabetic CKD
We have clearly shown that the negatively associated genera with type 2 diabetes, causing dysbiosis, Faecalibacterium, Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, and Akkermansia [39] are present across the stages of CKD in similar amounts of relative abundance (Figure 5A–D)
The data arising from our cohort of individuals with diabetes associated with CKD show a predominance of phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes

Summary

Introduction

The human gut harbors a complex community in excess of 100 trillion microbial cells that constitute the gut microbiota. They form a dynamic and symbiotic ecosystem that is in constant interaction with the host metabolism influencing nutrition, physiology, and immune function [1,2]. The composition, function, and structure of the intestinal microbiota is relatively stable throughout the life course in healthy individuals [4]. This is despite being adaptive to the Biomedicines 2021, 9, 19.

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