Abstract
BackgroundAutoimmune diseases have been associated with changes in the gut microbiome. In this study, the gut microbiome was evaluated in individuals with dry eye and bacterial compositions were correlated to dry eye (DE) measures. We prospectively included 13 individuals with who met full criteria for Sjögren’s (SDE) and 8 individuals with features of Sjögren’s but who did not meet full criteria (NDE) for a total of 21 cases as compared to 21 healthy controls. Stool was analyzed by 16S pyrosequencing, and associations between bacterial classes and DE symptoms and signs were examined.ResultsResults showed that Firmicutes was the dominant phylum in the gut, comprising 40–60% of all phyla. On a phyla level, subjects with DE (SDE and NDE) had depletion of Firmicutes (1.1-fold) and an expansion of Proteobacteria (3.0-fold), Actinobacteria (1.7-fold), and Bacteroidetes (1.3-fold) compared to controls. Shannon’s diversity index showed no differences between groups with respect to the numbers of different operational taxonomic units (OTUs) encountered (diversity) and the instances these unique OTUs were sampled (evenness). On the other hand, Faith’s phylogenetic diversity showed increased diversity in cases vs controls, which reached significance when comparing SDE and controls (13.57 ± 0.89 and 10.96 ± 0.76, p = 0.02). Using Principle Co-ordinate Analysis, qualitative differences in microbial composition were noted with differential clustering of cases and controls. Dimensionality reduction and clustering of complex microbial data further showed differences between the three groups, with regard to microbial composition, association and clustering. Finally, differences in certain classes of bacteria were associated with DE symptoms and signs.ConclusionsIn conclusion, individuals with DE had gut microbiome alterations as compared to healthy controls. Certain classes of bacteria were associated with DE measures.
Highlights
Autoimmune diseases have been associated with changes in the gut microbiome
Gut microbiome abnormalities can lead to systemic inflammation and, systemic inflammation can preferentially deplete beneficial gut bacteria and promote the growth of commensal bacteria with potential pathogenic properties [6, 11,12,13,14]
Dry eye parameters are associated with several bacterial classes we evaluated the relationship between dry eye (DE) parameters and bacterial classes in the two case groups
Summary
Autoimmune diseases have been associated with changes in the gut microbiome. Sjögren’s syndrome (Sjögren’s) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by oral and ocular dryness. It is a common autoimmune disorder, affecting 0.5–4% of the population, with more than 2 million Americans living with the disease [1]. There has been an interest in understanding interactions between gut bacteria and Mendez et al Microb Cell Fact (2020) 19:90 hand, abnormal alterations in the gut bacterial community (dysbiosis) can have negative effects on the host [6]. Individuals with autoimmune diseases have been found to have gut microbiome alterations compared to healthy controls, including individuals with spondylarthrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Behçet’s, and Sjögren’s [7,8,9,10]. Gut microbiome abnormalities can lead to systemic inflammation and, systemic inflammation can preferentially deplete beneficial gut bacteria and promote the growth of commensal bacteria with potential pathogenic properties [6, 11,12,13,14]
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