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Abstract
Diabetes in India has distinct genetic, nutritional, developmental and socio-economic aspects; owing to the fact that changes in gut microbiota are associated with diabetes, we employed semiconductor-based sequencing to characterize gut microbiota of diabetic subjects from this region. We suggest consolidated dysbiosis of eubacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic components in the gut microbiota of newly diagnosed (New-DMs) and long-standing diabetic subjects (Known-DMs) compared to healthy subjects (NGTs). Increased abundance of phylum Firmicutes (p = 0.010) and Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) of Lactobacillus (p < 0.01) were observed in Known-DMs subjects along with the concomitant graded decrease in butyrate-producing bacterial families like Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae. Eukaryotes and fungi were the least affected components in these subjects but archaea, except Methanobrevibacter were significantly decreased in them. The two dominant archaea viz. Methanobrevibacater and Methanosphaera followed opposite trends in abundance from NGTs to Known-DMs subjects. There was a substantial reduction in eubacteria, with a noticeable decrease in Bacteroidetes phylum (p = 0.098) and an increased abundance of fungi in New-DMs subjects. Likewise, opportunistic fungal pathogens such as Aspergillus, Candida were found to be enriched in New-DMs subjects. Analysis of eubacterial interaction network revealed disease-state specific patterns of ecological interactions, suggesting the distinct behavior of individual components of eubacteria in response to the disease. PERMANOVA test indicated that the eubacterial component was associated with diabetes-related risk factors like high triglyceride (p = 0.05), low HDL (p = 0.03), and waist-to-hip ratio (p = 0.02). Metagenomic imputation of eubacteria depict deficiencies of various essential functions such as carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism etc. in New-DMs subjects. Results presented here shows that in diabetes, microbial dysbiosis may not be just limited to eubacteria. Due to the inter-linked metabolic interactions among the eubacteria, archaea and eukarya in the gut, it may extend into other two domains leading to trans-domain dysbiosis in microbiota. Our results thus contribute to and expand the identification of biomarkers in diabetes.
Highlights
The eubacterial assemblage associated with the human body together with other microbes like archaea, eukaryotes and fungi are referred to as “microbiota.” Trillions of these microbes that live in our distal gut are believed to be co-evolving with their hosts (Ley et al, 2008)
Using UniFrac distance based PCoA biplots, we demonstrate substantial segregation of the subjects into three groups based on the presence/absence (Unweighted UniFrac, Figure 2B) and abundance of specific bacterial taxa (Weighted UniFrac, Figure 2C).We suggest that the presence of discrete clusters of samples in PCoA biplot is an indication of unique bacterial community structure in the three study groups
Considering the unique characteristics of Indian diabetic subjects, understanding their gut microbiota will be important to understand the possible role of gut microbiota in affecting these characteristics
Summary
The eubacterial assemblage associated with the human body together with other microbes like archaea, eukaryotes and fungi are referred to as “microbiota.” Trillions of these microbes that live in our distal gut are believed to be co-evolving with their hosts (Ley et al, 2008). Any perturbation in the delicate balance between microbial consortia and host results in “dysbiosis,” sometimes leading to severe ailments in the host Gastrointestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease (Frank et al, 2007) and colitis (Lucke et al, 2006), as well as metabolic disorders such as obesity (Turnbaugh et al, 2006) and diabetes (Qin et al, 2012; Karlsson et al, 2013; Zhang et al, 2013) are found to be associated with the distinct pattern of gut microbiota in which certain OTUs/species are present in different proportions. Besides the fact that reports on gut archaea, fungi and eukaryotes are lagging, studies such as these are a clear indication that these microbes together with eubacteria forms a very complex ecosystem in the gut and their functional role in human health and diseases needs to be evaluated thoroughly
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