Gut content analysis of arthropod predators of codling moth in Washington apple orchards

Abstract

Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), is the key pest of pome fruits in many temperate areas of North America, Eurasia, South Africa, South America and Australia. Many predatory arthropods species are found in organic apple orchards of central Washington; here we use PCR-based gut content analysis of arthropod predators to identify predators that attack codling moth. Predators were sampled from tree canopies, tree trunks and from the understory and were homogenized in a lysis buffer to provide a template for Direct PCR. PCR showed 8.9% of 2591 predators had preyed on C. pomonella. Spiders, including 25 genera from 15 families, two carabid beetle species (Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger) and Harpalus pennsylvanicus DeGeer) and the European earwig (Forficula auricularia [L.]) represented 87% of predator specimens analyzed and were 8.2%, 8.3% and 14.7% positive for C. pomonella. PCR products from 38% of predators that appeared positive for C. pomonella COI were sequenced; all showed 99% or more similarity to C. pomonella COI sequences in GenBank. Digestion rates of adult earwigs fed on mature codling moth larvae showed a detection half-life of 3.7days; half-life from the fecal pellets from the same earwigs was 3.6days. When fed mature codling moth larvae, the carabid P. melanarius showed a digestion half-life of 3.14days. Identification of the key predators of C. pomonella can guide the use of selective insecticides and the conservation of these natural enemies, enhancing biological control and supporting stable IPM programs in pome fruit orchards in the western USA.