Abstract
The gut microbiota regulates the function and health of the human gut. Preliminary evidence suggests its impact on multiple human systems including the nervous and immune systems. A major area of research has been the directional relationship between intestinal microbiota and the central nervous system (CNS), called the microbiota-gut-brain axis. It is hypothesized that the intestinal microbiota affects brain activity and behavior via endocrine, neural, and immune pathways. An alteration in the composition of the gut microbiome has been linked to a variety of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. The connection between gut microbiome and several CNS disorders indicates that the focus of research in the future should be on the bacterial and biochemical targets. Through this review, we outline the established knowledge regarding the gut microbiome and gut-brain axis. In addition to gut microbiome in neurological and psychiatry diseases, we have briefly discussed microbial metabolites affecting the blood-brain barrier (BBB), immune dysregulation, modification of autonomic sensorimotor connections, and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Highlights
BackgroundThe human gut harbors a diversity of microbiome which interact with the human host [1]
A major area of research has been the directional relationship between intestinal microbiota and the central nervous system (CNS), called the microbiota-gut-brain axis
The microbiome is an integral part of its host's well-being
Summary
The human gut harbors a diversity of microbiome which interact with the human host [1]. Intestinal flora can regulate the host brain function and activity, including cognitive behavior, through the microbiome-gut-brain axis [30]. Antibiotics, probiotic interventions, gut microbiome disturbances leading to increased intestinal permeability, microbial metabolites are all known to affect the risk of AD. The role of gut microbial metabolites in the etiology of AD has been investigated in several studies Small molecules such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), which are produced by metaorganismal choline metabolism, have been highlighted as risk factors for AD and significantly linked with the cognitive decline and age of onset of AD [32]. Long term studies are crucial to analyze whether high TMAOs levels in middle age predict continued development of Alzheimer's disease. For example: If studies found a correlation between criminal behavior and Gut microbiome impact, it could aid in preventing crimes by treating such actions
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