Abstract
A kinetic-magnetohydrodynamic model with kinetic pressure closure is derived from a consistent guiding-centre framework. Higher-order (gyroviscous) corrections to the pressure tensor are derived in complex geometry from a reduced kinetic equation. The proposed model allows for flows of the order of the thermal ion velocity, taking into account important centrifugal effects due to the E × B flow, as well as the effects of diamagnetic flows associated with finite Larmor radius corrections to both ion fluid inertia and long mean-free path contributions. Wave–particle interactions, such as toroidal drift-resonance, are retained. Furthermore, the linearised model includes a quasi-neutrality equation, allowing the effects of a parallel electric field to be studied in fast rotating tokamak plasmas.
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