Abstract
Steel reinforcement bars (rebars) in concrete structures are inaccessible and not conducive to many inspection methods. This paper proposes a non-invasive technique based on guided waves for detecting localised abnormalities in rebars embedded in concrete beams. The technique is predicated on previously published observations that guided waves are strongly reflected by discontinuities at the frequency at which they begin to propagate, i.e., at cut-on. The reflection coefficient at cut-on is estimated using a simple wave decomposition in which a near-zero wavenumber value is assumed. A simulated study is first carried out to evaluate the technique on a concrete beam featuring four rebars. The wave finite element approach is adopted to model two uniform beams which are coupled via a short, damaged section modelled in conventional finite element analysis. Estimated reflection coefficients arising from the discontinuity are close to the true values at cut-on and independent of frequency elsewhere, so that no prior knowledge of cut-on frequencies is required. Three steel-reinforced concrete beams were fabricated—one uniform and two with localised rebar damage—and reflection coefficients were estimated from measured transfer functions. As predicted, abrupt deviations in the reflection coefficient occurred at cut-on frequencies for both damaged beams.
Highlights
Damage in reinforced concrete (RC) is often initiated through corrosion of the embedded steel reinforcement bars
Acoustic emission was found to be more effective for monitoring initial corrosion and guided waves were preferable for identifying the nature of the damage
In principle, localised damage to reinforcements may induce reflection of guided waves and this may be detectable from surface vibration measurements
Summary
Damage in reinforced concrete (RC) is often initiated through corrosion of the embedded steel reinforcement bars (rebars). An alternative approach is to identify changes in wave dispersion due to damage by monitoring the time-of-flight of a prevailing wave type; this is independent of transducer bonding. A guided wave-based technique is proposed with the express aim of detecting rebar damage from transducers mounted on the concrete surface and remotely from the damage site. It is intended for periodic inspection rather than continuous monitoring so that it can be deployed retrospectively to structures without embedded sensors. In contrast to most guided wave techniques in the literature which are ultrasonic and formulated in the time domain, the proposed method is based on transfer functions at, typically, audio frequencies. Potential limitations of the technique are discussed in the Conclusions section, together with future work required to explore its domain of applicability
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