Guest–Host Interactions in Clathrate Hydrates: Benchmark MP2 and CCSD(T)/CBS Binding Energies of CH4, CO2, and H2S in (H2O)20Cages

Abstract

We present benchmark binding energies of naturally occurring gas molecules CH4, CO2, and H2S in the small cage, namely, the pentagonal dodecahedron (512) (H2O)20, which is one of the constituent cages of the 3 major lattices (structures I, II, and H) of clathrate hydrates. These weak interactions require higher levels of electron correlation and converge slowly with an increasing basis set to the complete basis set (CBS) limit, necessitating the use of large basis sets up to the aug-cc-pV5Z and subsequent correction for basis set superposition error (BSSE). For the host hollow (H2O)20 cages, we have identified a most stable isomer with binding energy of -200.8 ± 2.1 kcal/mol at the CCSD(T)/CBS limit (-199.2 ± 0.5 kcal/mol at the MP2/CBS limit). Additionally, we report converged second order Møller-Plesset (MP2) CBS binding energies for the encapsulation of guests in the (H2O)20 cage of -4.3 ± 0.1 for CH4@(H2O)20, -6.6 ± 0.1 for CO2@(H2O)20, and -8.5 ± 0.1 kcal/mol for H2S@(H2O)20, respectively. For CH4@(H2O)20, exhibiting the weakest encapsulation affinity among the three, we report CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ binding energies and, based on them, a CCSD(T)/CBS estimate of -4.75 ± 0.1 kcal/mol. To the best of our knowledge, the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ calculation for CH4@(H2O)20 is the largest one reported to date (168 valence electrons, 1978 basis functions, and the correlation of 84 doubly occupied and 1873 virtual orbitals) and required a scalable implementation of the (T) module on 6144 nodes (350 208 cores) of the "Cori" supercomputer at the National Energy Research Supercomputing Center (NERSC) for a total execution time of 195 min (for the (T) part). These efficient scalable implementations of highly correlated methods offer the capability to obtain long-lasting benchmarks of intermolecular interactions in complex systems. They also provide a path toward parametrizing classical potentials needed to study the dynamical and transport properties in these complex systems as well as assess the accuracy of lower scaling electronic structure methods such as density functional theory (DFT) and MP2 including its spin-biased variants.