Abstract
A cyber–physical system (CPS) consists of physical devices and operations that are closely controlled and monitored by computational processes. This concrete connection involves the real-time actuation of physical devices, real-time sensing of physical quantities, and modeling and control of the overall system. A CPS may be connected to the Internet of Things (IoT) and, if so, should be considered in that context; the IoT is essential to realize a vision of future CPSs, where numerous devices are connected over the Internet, allowing them to collect information about the real world in real time, and share it with other systems and physical devices.
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