Abstract
There is substantial literature covering both problems and solutions related to the operation of Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks in unlicensed spectrum (LTE-U) while in coexistence with other technologies, such as Wi-Fi. However, a seldom explored scenario is the coexistence between multiple LTE-U networks. Within this scenario, a big issue is establishing optimal configurations that take into account fairness among different operators coexisting in the same unlicensed spectrum coverage area. Solutions to this problem could, for instance, react to changes in the environment by tuning different system configurations. We propose a game theoretical reinforcement learning algorithm, called GTDM-CSAT, aiming to maximize the LTE-U aggregated throughput while keeping channel access fairness among different access points. GTDM-CSAT uses the relative data rate offered by the system to adapt the LTE-U ON-OFF time . For this, we formulate the problem as a Markovian game, where the LTE-U operators coexist on a two-zero-sum game. The solution for the best ON-OFF time ratio is defined by applying a modified Minimax Q-learning algorithm for finding the game equilibrium. We perform simulations following 3GPP specifications using the ns-3 simulator for evaluating GTDM-CSAT under different traffic load scenarios. Results indicate gains in the system aggregated throughput, and improved performance regarding individual data rate by each operator.
Highlights
The demand for solutions enabling the coexistence between different broadband wireless access systems in the same unlicensed spectrum bands has crystallized into multiple existing standardized solutions
In this work we propose a novel strategy for the Long Term Evolution (LTE)-U/LTE-U coexistence, called Game Theory Decision Making for Carrier-Sensing Adaptive Transmission (GTDM-CSAT)
We evaluate the performance of LTE-U self-coexistence in the first coexistence scenario defined by 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) in [58]
Summary
The demand for solutions enabling the coexistence between different broadband wireless access systems in the same unlicensed spectrum bands has crystallized into multiple existing standardized solutions. Most of recent research related to LTE-U/Wi-Fi coexistence [8]–[11] is based on Wi-Fi Alliance’s draft on test procedures for Wi-Fi/LTE-U coexistence [12] These works provide different means for controlling the ON-OFF ratio time of the duty-cycle of LTE-U, aiming to evaluate the achieved LTE-U/Wi-Fi combined throughput. GTDM-CSAT adaptation to varying traffic conditions is applied over the duty-cycle period, varying when each coexisting LTE network transmits or shuts down for a defined period. This problem is formulated by a Markovian Game where these two operators are in coexistence, and a two-zero-sum-game model is taken into account. GTDM-CSAT evaluation results are presented and discussed in the Section VIII, followed by final remarks and future investigations in the Section IX
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