Growth, stool consistency and bone mineral content in healthy term infants fed sn-2-palmitate-enriched starter infant formula: A randomized, double-blind, multicentre clinical trial

Abstract

Palmitate in breast milk is predominantly located in the triacylglycerol sn-2 position, while infant formulae contain palmitate predominantly in the sn-1 and sn-3 positions. During digestion, palmitate in the sn-1 and sn-3 positions is hydrolyzed to free palmitic acid that can subsequently complex with calcium to form insoluble soaps; this may partially explain why formula-fed infants have harder stools than breast-fed infants. This large (n=488) randomized, double-blind, multicentre trial investigated whether increasing the sn-2 palmitate content of infant formula improves stool consistency and bone mineral content (measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), without affecting growth or health. From ∼1 week to 4 months of age, infants were exclusively fed one of three formulae: i) control formula (CF; 16% of total palmitate at sn-2; n=162), (ii) experimental formula 1 (EF1; 43% of total palmitate at sn-2; n=166) or (iii) experimental formula 2 (EF2; 51% of total palmitate at sn-2; n=160). Intention-to-treat analysis showed softer stools in both EF groups (vs. CF) at ages 2 weeks and 1 and 2 months (p≤0.01), but not 3 and 4 months. At 4 months, all groups had similar growth outcomes while bone mineral content was significantly higher in EF1 (p=0.0012) and EF2 (p=0.0002) compared with CF. Comparison of reported adverse events up to 12 months revealed no differences among groups. All 3 infant formulae exhibited equally good digestive tolerance. Formulae enriched in sn-2 palmitate fed in early infancy are safe, improve stool consistency (from 2 weeks to 2 months) and increase bone mineral content (at 4 months).