Abstract
The dairy industry produces enormous amount of cheese whey containing the major milk nutrients, but this remains unutilized all over the globe. The present study investigates the production of β-cryptoxanthin (β-CRX) by Kocuria marina DAGII using cheese whey as substrate. Response surface methodology (RSM) and an artificial neural network (ANN) approach were implemented to obtain the maximum β-CRX yield. Significant factors, i.e. yeast extract, peptone, cheese whey and initial pH, were the input variables in both the optimizing studies, and β-CRX yield and biomass were taken as output variables. The ANN topology of 4-9-2 was found to be optimum when trained with a feed-forward back-propagation algorithm. Experimental values of β-CRX yield (17.14 mg l−1) and biomass (5.35 g l−1) were compared and ANN predicted values (16.99 mg l−1 and 5.33 g l−1, respectively) were found to be more accurate compared with RSM predicted values (16.95 mg l−1 and 5.23 g l−1, respectively). Detailed kinetic analysis of cellular growth, substrate consumption and product formation revealed that growth inhibition took place at substrate concentrations higher than 12% (v/v) of cheese whey. The Han and Levenspiel model was the best fitted substrate inhibition model that described the cell growth in cheese whey with an R2 and MSE of 0.9982% and 0.00477%, respectively. The potential importance of this study lies in the development, optimization and modelling of a suitable cheese whey supplemented medium for increased β-CRX production.
Highlights
The dairy industry produces enormous amount of cheese whey containing the major milk nutrients, but this remains unutilized all over the globe
The present study investigates the production of β-cryptoxanthin (β-CRX) by Kocuria marina DAGII using cheese whey as substrate
The statistical tools Response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) were used for elucidating the optimal condition for β-CRX production by K. marina DAGII using cheese whey as the substrate
Summary
The dairy industry produces enormous amount of cheese whey containing the major milk nutrients, but this remains unutilized all over the globe. Cheese whey has been used in different biotechnological processes for obtaining value added products such as ethanol, lactic acid, enzymes, biopolymers, biogas and single-cell protein [16]. In this context, our previous study on β-CRX production by K. marina DAGII using dual substrates has been extended by substituting the carbon sources with cheese whey for improved β-CRX production by K. marina DAGII [1]. Statistical approaches (response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN)) are the ideal ways for media design and optimization of multivariable systems compared with the conventional ‘one-factor-at-a-time’ method which is tedious and time-consuming and complicated for quantifying interactive effects of different factors in the process concerned [17]. Establishment of mathematical models is an indispensible step for commercial production of bioproducts
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