Abstract
Metal halide perovskite both in the form of nanocrystal and thin films recently emerged as the most promising semiconductor material covering a huge range of potential applications from display technologies to photovoltaics. Colloidal inorganic and organic–inorganic hybrid metal halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have received tremendous attention due to their high photoluminescence quantum yields, while large grain perovskite films possess fewer defects, and a long diffusion length providing high-power conversion efficiency in planar devices. In this review, we summarize the different synthesis routes of metal halide perovskite nanocrystals and the recent methodologies to fabricate high-quality micron scale crystals in the form of films for planar photovoltaics. For the colloidal synthesis of halide perovskite NCs, two methods including ligand-assisted reprecipitation and hot injection are mainly applied, and the doping of metal ions in NCs as well as anion exchange reactions are widely used to tune their optical properties. In addition, recent growth methods and underlying mechanism for high-quality micron size crystals are also investigated, which are summarized as solution-process methods (including the anti-solvent method, solvent vapor annealing technology, Ostwald ripening, additive engineering and geometrically-confined lateral crystal growth) and the physical method (vapor-assisted crystal growth).
Highlights
Metal halide perovskite is emerging as a promising semiconductor and efficient light-harvester in high-performance, low-cost and large-coverage photovoltaics [1,2,3]
We focus on the synthesis of halide perovskite nanocrystals and their post-synthesis transformations as well as recent technology to fabricate high-quality large crystal films for planar photovoltaics
Various approaches have been proposed for the direct synthesis of metal and organometal halide perovskite colloidal NCs (e.g., CsPbX3, MAPbX3, FAPbX3, X− = Cl−, Br−, I− ), among which the most common are the hot-injection and the ligand-assisted reprecipitation (LARP) approaches
Summary
Metal halide perovskite is emerging as a promising semiconductor and efficient light-harvester in high-performance, low-cost and large-coverage photovoltaics [1,2,3]. The quality of the crystals and devices are not as good as one would expect as these methods usually leads to polynanocrystal films. These methods lead to more than 20% power-conversion efficiency in photovoltaics, recent studies have shown that impurities and defects lead to high carrier recombination, limiting further device performance. We focus on the synthesis of halide perovskite nanocrystals and their post-synthesis transformations as well as recent technology to fabricate high-quality large crystal films for planar photovoltaics
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