Abstract
Bulk zinc oxide can be grown with a wide variety of methods from the gas phase (sublimation, chemical vapor transport), from aqueous solution (several 100bar hydrothermally, or ambient pressure from alkaline solutions), from melt solutions, or from the melt (cold crucible techniques, or Bridgman from iridium crucibles). The largest crystals (c. 3 in.) with good crystalline perfection so far were grown hydrothermally, but incorporation of traces from the solvent cannot be avoided completely. Growth from melts in iridium crucibles avoids solvents, but here the incorporation of impurities from the crucible itself is an issue. Besides, thermal gradients and consequently mechanical stress are larger under such conditions, compared to hydrothermal growth. A major issue hindering wider application of bulk ZnO is the still insufficient p-type conductivity of doped crystals.
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