Growth factor and pro-inflammatory cytokine contents in platelet-rich plasma (PRP), plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF), advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF), and concentrated growth factors (CGF)

Hideo Masuki,Tomoyuki Kawase,Koh Nakata,Toshimitsu Okudera,Hajime Okudera,Kazuhiko Nishiyama,Taisuke Watanebe,Kohya Uematsu,Masashi Suzuki,Chen-Yao Su

doi:10.1186/s40729-016-0052-4

Abstract

BackgroundThe development of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) drastically simplified the preparation procedure of platelet-concentrated biomaterials, such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and facilitated their clinical application. PRF’s clinical effectiveness has often been demonstrated in pre-clinical and clinical studies; however, it is still controversial whether growth factors are significantly concentrated in PRF preparations to facilitate wound healing and tissue regeneration. To address this matter, we performed a comparative study of growth factor contents in PRP and its derivatives, such as advanced PRF (A-PRF) and concentrated growth factors (CGF).MethodsPRP and its derivatives were prepared from the same peripheral blood samples collected from healthy donors. A-PRF and CGF preparations were homogenized and centrifuged to produce extracts. Platelet and white blood cell counts in A-PRF and CGF preparations were determined by subtracting those counts in red blood cell fractions, supernatant acellular serum fractions, and A-PRF/CGF exudate fractions from those counts of whole blood samples. Concentrations of growth factors (TGF-β1, PDGF-BB, VEGF) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6) were determined using ELISA kits.ResultsCompared to PRP preparations, both A-PRF and CGF extracts contained compatible or higher levels of platelets and platelet-derived growth factors. In a cell proliferation assay, both A-PRF and CGF extracts significantly stimulated the proliferation of human periosteal cells without significant reduction at higher doses.ConclusionsThese data clearly demonstrate that both A-PRF and CGF preparations contain significant amounts of growth factors capable of stimulating periosteal cell proliferation, suggesting that A-PRF and CGF preparations function not only as a scaffolding material but also as a reservoir to deliver certain growth factors at the site of application.

Highlights

The development of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) drastically simplified the preparation procedure of platelet-concentrated biomaterials, such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and facilitated their clinical application
Numbers of platelets in advanced PRF (A-PRF) and concentrated growth factors (CGF) preparations calculated by the indirect subtraction method are shown in Fig. 1
white blood cells (WBC) were concentrated in these platelet-concentrated preparations (PRP: 5.51-fold, A-PRF: 11.87-fold, CGF: 8.63-fold)

Summary

Introduction

The development of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) drastically simplified the preparation procedure of platelet-concentrated biomaterials, such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and facilitated their clinical application. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was originally demonstrated to be effective in the operation of alveolar ridge augmentation and immediately spread to the fields of periodontal and oral maxillofacial surgery [1] This clinical application was endorsed by evidence that several major growth factors are contained at high levels in PRP preparations. For some reasons, such as low handling efficiency, addition of animal-derived thrombin for clotting, and fundamental individual differences, it has been indicated that it is difficult to reproducibly control the quality of PRP preparations at similar levels [1] To overcome these drawbacks, Anitua developed plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) by modifying the procedure of PRP preparation [2]. It has been anticipated that the difference in mechanical characteristics may produce a difference in the growth factor content

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