Growth, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Climate and Wellbeing

Analysis of Empirical Research on the Factors Influencing the Change of Income Inequality

Identifying the impacts of income inequality on CO2 emissions: Empirical evidences from OECD countries and non-OECD countries

Aims: To study the effect of changes in income as well as prices of beer and arrack, on alcohol sales in Sri Lanka during the period 1981–2017.
 Design: The analyses were conducted by means of ARIMA time series analysis for arrack and beer separately.
 Measures: Yearly data on the sales of beer and arrack in the entire country were used. National GDP figures were used as a proxy measure of income, and yearly price data for arrack and beer were from Colombo, the largest metropolitan area in the country.
 Results: No short-term effects of changes in price or income were found on sales. However, changes in the price of beer were significant, with a lag structure, which implies a delayed effect of price changes on the sales of beer. A significant cross-price effect of changes in the price of beer on arrack sales was found as well.
 Conclusions: Sales of alcohol in Sri Lanka are not affected by price changes to the same extent as in high income countries. Most likely, the explanations will be found in the different drinking cultures between Sri Lanka and these countries.

Contents: Introduction, Michael F. FA rster The changing landscape: demography and activity, Manuela Sofia Stanculescu Changes in household income, income inequality and poverty: a comparative overview, Tine Stanovnik and Natasa Kump The transition process and changes in income, income inequality and poverty: the case of Bulgaria, Silviya Nikolova Changes in income, income inequality and poverty: the case of Hungary, GyA rgy MolnA!r and Viktoria Galla The transition process and changes in income, income inequality and poverty: the case of Romania, Manuela Sofia Stanculescu and Lucian Pop The transition process and changes in income, income inequality and poverty: the case of Slovenia, Tine Stanovnik and Mitja Cok Technical annex References.

During the past twelve years most of the theoretical discussions of the problem concerned long-run effects of income changes which are not considered in this paper. The Keynesian thesis about the short-run relationship between changes in income and saving appears to have been accepted by most students.2 Empirical evidence for the validity of the short-run relationship may be sought, and was usually sought in the past, on the aggregative level, by comparing year-to-year changes in national income, aggregate consumption, and saving. The same relationship that prevails between aggregates may also be found, however, as expressly stated by Keynes, between changes in income and consumption of individual income receivers (or groups of income receivers). It is the latter problem that will be raised here: do recent studies of the financial behavior of families shed light on the relation

This paper examines changes in after-tax income inequality among tax filers between 1991 and 2006. In particular, how changes in wages, capital income, and tax policy contribute to changes in income inequality is investigated. To examine the role of these three possible contributors to the increase in income inequality, the Gini coefficient is decomposed by income source using the method developed by Lerman and Yitzhaki (1985). The Gini coefficient of after-tax income increased by 15 percent (0.071 points) between 1991 and 2006. By far, the largest contributor to this increase was changes in income from capital gains and dividends. Changes in wages had an equalizing effect over this period as did changes in taxes. Most of the equalizing effect of taxes took place after the 1993 tax hike; most of the equalizing effect, however, was reversed after the 2001 and 2003 Bush-era tax cuts. Similar results are obtained with other inequality measures.

Region-county characteristic of spatial-temporal evolution and influencing factor on land use-related CO2 emissions in Chongqing of China, 1997–2015

Revisiting R&D intensity and CO2 emissions link in the USA using time varying granger causality test: 1870∼2020

A longitudinal study, that assessed the effects of changes in education on changes in decision-making and satisfaction in ongoing intimate relationship, was conducted with 78 women re-entry students who, as matriculants in an undergraduate degree granting program in the College of Continuing Education at URI in Providence in 1988, participated in this study at Time 1 and again three and one half years later at Time 2. Three measures each of decision-making, satisfaction, and perceived partner support for their education, and two measures of education were obtained. Women reported on demographic information i.e., age, sex, income, employment status, and children in household, for themselves and their partners, as well as educational barriers, recent life experiences, and type (cohabiting, married), duration, and stability of their relationships. Within subjects repeated measures were analyzed using SPSSX MANOV A. Pearson and partial correlations and ANOV As were also conducted. As predicted, with the effect of change in income controlled, women who increased their education level, reported both increased decision-making and increased relationship satisfaction, and changes in decision-making were positively correlated with changes in satisfaction. As predicted, changes in relationship satisfaction and changes in perception of partner's support for their education were positively correlated. Whereas change in partner's income was correlated with change in relationship satisfaction, only for women who had not yet completed their undergraduate degree, change in the relative income between the participant and her partner was correlated with changes in relationship satisfaction for all women. Furthermore, as predicted, women with higher incomes at Time 2 than at Time 1 did have more global decision-making power in their relationships provided that their partners did not have increases in income during that time period; contrary findings were obtained with moresay decision-making in this group. There was no support for the hypothesis that women with lower incomes at Time 2 than at Time 1 would have decreased in their decision-making power; however, if the income level of their partners increased from Time 1 to Time 2 while their own income did not, the participant's own decision-making did decrease during that period in support of the hypothesis.

This study examines the short- and long-run impacts of economic growth and unemployment (SDG 8), energy consumption (SDG 7) and income inequality (SDG 10) on CO2 emissions in South Africa over the period 1980-2012 to establish potential synergy/trade-off to achieve these goals. We use the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to cointegration technique. Our results show that the promotion of economic growth (SDG 8) as well as the reduction in energy consumption/increase in energy efficiency (SDG 7) can be achieved in synergy with the reduction of CO2 emissions (SDG 13). On the other hand, our results suggest a trade-off between reducing unemployment rate or achieving productive employment and decent work (SGD 8) and mitigating CO2 emissions (SDG 13). Neither a synergy nor trade-off (neutral relationship) is found between the reduction of income inequality (SDG 10) and the reduction of CO2 emissions (SDG 13). Our findings highlight the importance of mainstreaming SDG’s policy interactions to achieve sustainable development goals, while also stressing the potential for South Africa to achieve low-carbon development should economic growth be decoupled from carbon-intensive energy use through policies that promote access and effective use of clean energy. The transition to clean energy is therefore emphasized and relevant factors underpinning such as transition should be explored further. 
 
 Highlights
 
 
 This study examines the short- and long-run impacts of economic growth and unemployment (SDG 8), energy consumption (SDG 7) and income inequality (SDG 10) on CO2 emissions in South Africa 
 The autoregressive distributed lag approach to cointegration is employed
 A synergy is established between the promotion of economic growth (SDG 8) and the reduction of CO2 emissions (SDG 13), and between the reduction in energy consumption/increase in energy efficiency (SDG 7) and the reduction of CO2 emissions (SDG 13)
 A trade-off is confirmed between reducing unemployment rate or achieving productive employment and decent work (SDG 8) and mitigating CO2 emissions (SDG 13)
 A neutral relationship is found between the reduction of income inequality (SDG 10) and the reduction of CO2 emissions (SDG 13)
 Policymakers need to mainstream SDG’s policy interactions to achieve sustainable development goals
 
 
 South Africa can achieve low-carbon development should economic growth be decoupled from carbon-intensive energy use through policies that promote access and effective use of clean energy

Research background: Intensive economic growth in Russian regions during recent decades has been associated with numerous environmental issues, particularly increasing CO2 emissions, as well as income inequality. To achieve sustainable development, it is necessary to resolve these issues. Purpose of the article: To shed light on the impact of income inequality on CO2 emissions based on Russian regional data covering the years 2004?2018. Methods: Gini index and decile dispersion ratio are used to measure income inequality. To study the impact of income inequality on CO2 emissions in the Russian regions, we estimate econometric models with fixed and random effects and apply GMM method. We test the hypothesis of the environmental Kuznets curve to determine the impact of economic growth on CO2 emissions. Findings & value added: The results show that CO2 emissions increase in tandem with growth in income inequality between 10% of people with the lowest income and 10% of people with the highest income. Simultaneously, CO2 emissions decrease with growth of Gini coefficient. The hypothesis of the Environmental Kuznets Curve was confirmed based on GMM method. Our findings underscore that the activities of the extraction and manufacturing sectors, as well as energy consumption, increase CO2 emissions. The chief significance of this paper is the finding that large income gap between extremely rich and extremely poor population cohorts increases CO2 emissions. This implies that economic policy aimed at reducing income inequality in Russian regions will also reduce CO2 emissions, especially if accompanied by increased use of environmentally friendly technologies. From the international perspective, our research can be extended to study other countries and regions.

The Environmental Kuznets Curve is used to investigate the relationship between various indicators of environmental degradation and income per capita. The economic growth measured from the change of income per capita contributes negative externalities to nature, and education contributes to better knowledge for sustainable development. The purpose of this research was to apply the Environmental Kuznets Curve to see the impact of income per capita and education on environmental degradation. The objective of this research was to examine how GDP per capita and education contribute to per capita CO2emission in Canada, Spain, and Indonesia. The research output showed a relationship between per capita GDP with per capita CO2emission in Canada and Spain. Contribution of per capita GDP to per capita CO2emission of Canada higher than Spain. The higher per capita GDP will rise per capita CO2emission. The per capita GDP of Indonesia does did contribute significantly to per capita CO2emission. The was also a significant relationship between education quality and per capita CO2emission in Canada, Spain, and Indonesia. The better education quality in Canada and Spain contribute to lower per capita CO2 emissions. Education quality in Indonesia contributed to the higher per capita CO2emission.
 Keywords:Environmental Kuznets Curve, Per Capita CO2 Emission, Per Capita GDP, Education

This paper approximates the identity that links growth in mean incomes and changes in the distribution of relative incomes to reductions in absolute poverty and examines the role of income inequality for poverty reduction. Under the assumption that income is log-normally distributed, we show that we can approximate this identity well. We find that the inequality elasticity of poverty reduction is larger, on average, compared to the growth elasticity of poverty reduction and that the growth elasticity declines steeply with a country’s initial level of inequality. However, we find that prior changes in poverty were, in large part, explained by changes in mean incomes. This is a consequence of changes in income inequality being an order of magnitude smaller than changes in mean incomes. Overall, our results highlight the important role income inequality can play in reducing poverty despite prior poverty changes being, in large part, a consequence of economic growth.

This paper examines causes behind recent changes in income inequality in China, especially its moderation since 2008, using household survey data and decomposition analyses. It is found that, by income sources, contributors to the moderation in inequality were wage income, pension, and other transfers, offset somewhat by the inequality‐increasing effect of changes in net farm and nonfarm business incomes, net asset income, imputed rent, and personal income tax and social security contribution. By household characteristics, contributors to inequality moderation were a narrowing in the urban–rural income gap, rural–urban migration, and a decline in regional income disparity, offset by widening inter‐industry earning differentials, a rise in the education premium, and changes in some unknown factors. These results are likely an outcome of some fundamental drivers working together, including processes of catch‐up growth and structural transformation, market‐driven forces including technological progress and globalisation, government policy actions, and remaining market distortions.

Using World Bank PovcalNet data from 1974-2018 for 135 countries, this paper approximates the identity that links growth in mean incomes and changes in the distribution of relative incomes to reductions in absolute poverty, and, in turn, examines the role of income inequality for poverty reduction. The analysis finds that the assumption that income is log-normally distributed allows one to approximate the identity well. Using this approximation, both the growth and inequality elasticities of poverty reduction are calculated. The inequality elasticity of poverty reduction is larger, on average, compared to the (absolute) growth elasticity of poverty reduction. Moreover, the (absolute) growth elasticity declines steeply with a country's initial level of inequality. However, despite these results, most of the observed changes in poverty can be explained by changes in mean incomes. This is a consequence of changes in income inequality (as measured by percentage changes in the standard deviation of log-income) being an order of magnitude smaller than changes in mean incomes. Overall, the results highlight the important role income inequality can play in reducing poverty even if prior poverty changes have, in large part, been a consequence of economic growth.