Abstract
The growth and biodegradation potential of marine-derived fungi were evaluated by measuring the radial growth of colonies. It was observed that Penicillium raistrickii CBMAI 931, Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 935, Cladosporium sp. CBMAI 1237, Microsphaeropsis sp. Dr(A)6, Acremonium sp. Dr(F)1, Westerdykella sp. Dr(M2)4 and Cladosporium sp. Dr(M2)2 were able to grow and develop in the presence of the pyrethroid insecticide esfenvalerate (S,Sfenvalerate) and its main metabolites (3-phenoxybenzaldehyde, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol and 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyric acid), showing the possibility of esfenvalerate biodegradation by these strains. The presence of technical grade esfenvalerate and its metabolites caused growth inhibition, while fungal development was not affected by the presence of the commercial insecticide SUMIDAN 150 SC in the culture medium. This fact might show that the biodegradation of the esfenvalerate in the commercial insecticide is slower than that of the technical grade active ingredient, since slower biodegradation of esfenvalerate would reduce the concentration of phenolic compounds and thus the growth inhibition. Future studies will focus on the quantitative biodegradation analysis of technical grade esfenvalerate and active ingredient in the commercial insecticide.
Highlights
Synthetic pyrethroids have been developed to improve on the specificity and activity of pyrethrin, the natural insecticide produced by the flowers of pyrethrum species (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and coccineum)
The structural diversity of synthetic pyrethroids was further enhanced by the discovery that the 2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid moiety of the pyrethrins and most previous synthetic compounds could be replaced by an α-isopropyl phenylacetic acid moiety
Esfenvalerate technical grade (92%, esfenvalerate technical grade (EsfTec)) and the commercial insecticide Sumidan 150 SC (15% w/v esfenvalerate, esfenvalerate commercial insecticide (EsfCom)) were obtained as a gift from IHARABRAS S.A., it is important to note that Sumidan 150 SC contains 16% w/v xylene. 3-Phenoxybenzaldehyde (98%, PBAld), 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (98%, PBAc), 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol (98%, PBAlc) and 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyric acid (98%, ClAc) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich
Summary
Synthetic pyrethroids have been developed to improve on the specificity and activity of pyrethrin, the natural insecticide produced by the flowers of pyrethrum species (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and coccineum). The synthetic pyrethroids were developed to increase the photostability while retaining the potent and rapid insecticidal activity and relatively low acute mammalian toxicity of pyrethrin. The structural diversity of synthetic pyrethroids was further enhanced by the discovery that the 2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid moiety of the pyrethrins and most previous synthetic compounds could be replaced by an α-isopropyl phenylacetic acid moiety. This new series of compounds led to the discovery of the commercial insecticide fenvalerate [2]
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