Growth and Protein Turnover in the Skeletal Muscles of Broiler Chicks

Abstract

Growth and protein turnover were examined in the breast (pectoralis thoracica) and the leg (gastrocnemius-peroneus) muscles of broiler chicks at 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks posthatching. The fractional rate of protein synthesis (ks) was measured by an isotope emulsion method. The fractional degradation rate (kd) was calculated from the difference in ks and fractional deposition rate (kg), which was estimated from regression equations of muscle size and protein content on body weights.The growth rate (%/day) of skeletal muscle exceeded that of the whole body. Muscle growth involved an increase in the total deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and the DNA-unit size and a subsequent decrease in the concentrations of nucleic acids without alteration in the ribonucleic acid (RNA): DNA ratio and RNA and DNA activity.The ks in breast muscle protein fell markedly from 48 to 16 %/day between 1 and 6 weeks posthatching, whereas in leg muscle, ks underwent a more gradual decrease; from 36 to 17%/day during the same period. These changes resulted mainly from the reduction of DNA and RNA concentrations with age. The kd decreased only slightly between 1 and 2 weeks in the both muscle groups. The kg also showed a developmental fall from 33 to 4%/day and from 21 to 4%/day in the breast and leg muscles, respectively, during the 5-week period. The high growth rate of broiler chicks relative to that of slow-growing chicks suggests that the lower degradation rate may be involved in the greater efficiency of protein accretion in the former strain.