Growing trees: risks and rewards for society

Abstract

Forests provide 1.75 billion cubic meters of timber each year and a similar amount of fuel wood. Our understanding of forest ecosystems is far from complete. Biotechnology can provide means to speed up adaptation by forest species in response to pathogen introduction, climate change, or other perturbations. Consensus building on forest issues is always likely to be difficult, as diversity in the nature of forests and their cultural and historical significance must be recognized. The potential risks and possible benefits of deploying or choosing not to deploy forest biotechnology products must be considered on a case-by-case, product- rather than process-driven basis for rational, evidence-based decisions to be reached. Aspects of ecologically neutral field trials, ecological and social perceptions of risk, and steady state and dynamic paradigms of nature are discussed alongside challenges facing biotechnology in adequately avoiding or limiting risks to allow deployment in forests.