Growing Metallic Whiskers: Alternative Interpretation

Abstract

Additional experiments have shed new light on the phenomenon reported by one of us and L. Farber (Reports, 7 May, p. [937][1]). The fabrication details of the porous samples examined in this work, Ti2GaN, TiGa3, and FeGa3, are described elsewhere ([1][2]). X-ray diffraction of the samples indicated that they were predominantly single phase, with small (%°5 vol. %) amounts of unreacted Ga. Two sets of samples were prepared; one set was quenched in water from the processing temperature of 800°C, the other was furnace cooled. The lattice parameters of all samples tested remained unchanged before and after the growth of the Ga filaments, implying that it is unlikely that the crystalline lattice is the Ga source ([2][3]). The surfaces of the furnace-cooled samples were sporadically covered by nonwetting Ga droplets ([1][2]). The droplets, which appear to be connected to the substrate by what can best be described as liquid Ga stringers or ligaments ([1][2]), increased in size with time. Samples that were slowly cooled did not grow whiskers. Conversely, the quenched samples grew whiskers identical to those previously observed ([2][3]). The mutual exclusivity of the whiskers and droplets implies that their source is identical. Because the lattice is not the Ga source, by a process of elimination, we believe that it must be unreacted Ga trapped in the internal surfaces or pores. Given that the formation of the droplets results from Ga dewetting of the internal surfaces, we conclude that the driving force for the growth of the whiskers is the overall reduction in surface energy and not a reaction with the atmosphere or a phase transition ([2][3]). Furthermore, the whiskers are not monolithic, but are comprised of bundles of Ga fibriIs ([1][2]). The growth habit of these fibrils is unknown, but must reflect a strong anisotropy in growth along a given crystallographic direction. Last, the necessary requirements needed to grow whiskers are the right combination of surface diffusivity, anisotropic growth, and nonwetting. If these conditions can be achieved for higher melting-point metals, such as Bi and Sn, they could be grown as whiskers as well. 1. [↵][4]Relevant text and figures can be found at [www.materials.drexel.edu/faculty/Barsoum/Abstracts/A21.htm][5]. 2. [↵][6]1. M.W. Barsoum, 2. L. Farber , Science 284, 937 (1999). [OpenUrl][7][Abstract/FREE Full Text][8] 3. We thank L. Ho-Duc for help in carrying out some of the experiments and M. Gamamik and T. Twardowski of Drexel University for many helpful discussions. Partially supported by the Division of Materials Research of the National Science Foundation (DMR 9705237). [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.284.5416.937 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: #xref-ref-1-1 View reference 1 in text [5]: http://www.materials.drexel.edu/faculty/Barsoum/Abstracts/A21.htm [6]: #xref-ref-2-1 View reference 2 in text [7]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DScience%26rft.stitle%253DScience%26rft.issn%253D0036-8075%26rft.aulast%253DBarsoum%26rft.auinit1%253DM.%2BW.%26rft.volume%253D284%26rft.issue%253D5416%26rft.spage%253D937%26rft.epage%253D939%26rft.atitle%253DRoom-Temperature%2BDeintercalation%2Band%2BSelf-Extrusion%2Bof%2BGa%2Bfrom%2BCr2GaN%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1126%252Fscience.284.5416.937%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F10320368%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [8]: /lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6Mzoic2NpIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEyOiIyODQvNTQxNi85MzciO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyNToiL3NjaS8yODUvNTQzMi8xMzU1LjkuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9