Group superatoms: A new concept in cluster science

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A promising research area in nanomaterials is the use of superatomic clusters as building blocks for creating novel molecules or materials with tailored properties. However, assembling these superatoms into functional materials is challenging, and a thorough understanding of this process is still lacking. In this study, we introduce a new concept called the “superatomic family,” which refers to superatoms that share similar valence electron structures but differ in size. We demonstrate this concept with the synthesized [Au6{Ni3(CO)6}4]2− cluster and the designed [Au16{Ni6(CO)10}4]2− and [Au31{Ni10(CO)15}4]5− clusters. These serve as analogs to simple hydrocarbons, such as methane (CH4), silicon hydride (SiH4), and germanium hydride (GeH4). In these supermolecular structures, the central cores of Au6, Au16, and Au31 exhibit the formation of superatomic SP3 hybridized orbitals, which influence the molecular shape and bonding. Moreover, we explored superatomic bonding involving SP3–SP3 hybridized cores, representing a single superatomic bond between members of the superatomic family, analogous to CH3–SiH3 bonds. By integrating the concept of group superatoms into the Lewis structure framework, we present a powerful approach for predicting and engineering cluster properties, thus opening a vast landscape of nanomaterial design possibilities.