Abstract
Group interaction is an essential way of social interaction and plays an important role in our social development. It has been found that when individuals participate in group interactions, the group identity of the interaction partner affects the mental processing and behavioral decision-making of subjects. However, little is known about how deaf college students, who are labeled distinctly different from normal hearing college students, will react when facing proposers from different groups in the ultimatum game (UG) and its time course. In this study, we recruited 29 deaf college students who played the UG in which they received extremely unfair, moderately unfair, or fair offers from either outgroup members (normal hearing college students) or ingroup members (deaf college students), while their brain potentials were recorded. The behavioral results showed that group membership did not impact the acceptance rate of deaf college students. But, event-related potential (ERP) analysis demonstrated an enhanced feedback-related negativity (FRN) elicited by ingroup members compared to outgroup members. Importantly, we found that under fairness conditions, deaf college students induced more positive P2 and P3 facing ingroup members compared to outgroup members. Our results demonstrated that group membership may modulate the performance of deaf college students in the UG and the existence of ingroup bias among deaf college students. This provides some evidence for the fairness characteristics of special populations, so that to improve the educational integration of colleges and universities.
Highlights
As a code of conduct and ethics in our social interaction, fairness consideration is essential to both the individual survival and social stability (Rawls, 1985)
The simple effect showed that the acceptance rate of fair proposal (0.98 ± 0.01%) was significantly higher than that of moderate unfair proposal (0.54 ± 0.06%) and extremely unfair proposals (0.08 ± 0.03%), with moderate unfair proposals being significantly larger than extremely unfair proposals
The main effect of group membership was significant; the average amplitude induced by ingroup members (1.45 ± 0.95 μV) was significantly lower than that of outgroup members (2.25 ± 0.95 μV), F(1,28) = 9.56, P > 0.05, η2 = 0.10
Summary
As a code of conduct and ethics in our social interaction, fairness consideration is essential to both the individual survival and social stability (Rawls, 1985). Psychology and behavioral economics often use the ultimatum game (UG) to study fairness consideration. It has been shown that most proposers offered relatively fair proposals and responders chose to reject unfair allocations (Güth, 1995). The rate of the rejection of proposers increased, as the unfairness of the allocation. Deaf College Students’ Fairness Consideration proposal increases (Güth et al, 1982; Cooper and Dutcher, 2011; Lin et al, 2020). When the share allocated to the recipient below 20%, the proposal was usually rejected (Camerer and Thaler, 1955)
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