Group-Based Trajectory Modeling: An Overview

Due to the popularization of Android and the full range of applications (apps) targeting this platform, many security issues have emerged, attracting researchers and practitioners' attention. As such, many techniques for addressing security Android issues have emerged, including approaches for mining sandboxes using dynamic analysis tools (i.e., automated testing tools). Undoubtedly, the resulting sandboxes' efficiency depends on the test case generation tools used in the mining procedures. Previous research studies have compared Android test case generation tools for this specific goal. However, it is difficult to increment the research in this field because reproducing these previous empirical studies is a challenging and time-consuming task. This difficulty occurs because it is necessary to integrate test generation tools that often require different and conflicting versions of the Android platform, programming languages (e.g., Python 2 and Python 3), and software libraries. To mitigate this issue, in this paper we present DroidXP, a software infrastructure that allows researchers (and tools developers) to integrate and compare test case generation tools for mining sandboxes. We evaluated DroidXP through a reproduction study of previous research work, though considering additional test case generation tools. Our experiment suggests that DroidXP simplifies the comparison of existing tools for mining sandboxes, and revealed that Sapienz outperforms the other test case generation tools-regardless of the Monkey tool had presented the highest code coverage in our study.

This chapter provides an overview of a group-based statistical methodology for analyzing developmental trajectories—the evolution of an outcome over age or time. A detailed account of the method’s statistical underpinnings and a full range of applications are provided in Nagin (2005). In this discussion, the term developmental trajectory is used to describe the progression of any phenomenon, whether behavioral, biological, or physical. Charting and understanding developmental trajectories is among the most fundamental and empirically important research topics in the social and behavioral sciences and medicine. A few prominent examples include the following: criminological analyses of the progression and causes of criminality over life stages or of time trends of reported crime across geographic locations, psychological studies of the course and antecedents of psychopathologies, sociological investigations into the interaction between human behavior and social context over time, and medical research on the impact of treatments on the progress of diseases. Longitudinal data—data with a time-based dimension—provide the empirical foundation for the analysis of developmental trajectories. Most standard statistical approaches for analyzing developmental trajectories are designed to account for individual variability about a mean

Due to the popularization of Android and the full range of applications (apps) targeting this platform, many security issues have emerged, attracting researchers and practitioners' attention. As such, many techniques for addressing security Android issues appeared, including approaches for mining sandboxes. Previous research studies have compared Android test case generation tools for this specific goal. Our research aims to explore new techniques for mining sandboxes, especially we are interested in understanding the limits of both static and dynamic analysis in this process. Although the use of tests for mining sandboxes has been explored before, the potential to combine static analysis and dynamic analysis has not been sufficiently investigated yet. That is, in this thesis we will investigate the hypothesis that combining static and dynamic analysis techniques increases the process of mining Android sandboxes.

Tangible user interfaces (TUIs) may allow users to have more direct interaction with systems when compared to traditional graphical user interfaces (GUIs). However, the full range of applications where TUIs can be utilized in practice is unclear. To resolve this problem, the benefits of TUIs must be analyzed and matched to an application domain where they hold advantages over more traditional systems. Since TUIs require users to use their hands in order to interact with the system, there is the possibility for these systems to leverage motor learning to help users perform specific tasks. In this paper we will describe an early attempt to understand how motor learning can be used to create a tangible password system. A novel tangible password system was created and a small study conducted in order to identify future research objectives.

Stable carbon isotope ratios (δ(13) C) of terrestrial plants are employed across a diverse range of applications in environmental and plant sciences; however, the kind of information that is desired from the δ(13) C signal often differs. At the extremes, it ranges between purely environmental and purely biological. Here, we review environmental drivers of variation in carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) in terrestrial plants, and the biological processes that can either damp or amplify the response. For C3 plants, where Δ is primarily controlled by the ratio of intercellular to ambient CO2 concentrations (ci /ca ), coordination between stomatal conductance and photosynthesis and leaf area adjustment tends to constrain the potential environmentally driven range of Δ. For C4 plants, variation in bundle-sheath leakiness to CO2 can either damp or amplify the effects of ci /ca on Δ. For plants with crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), Δ varies over a relatively large range as a function of the proportion of daytime to night-time CO2 fixation. This range can be substantially broadened by environmental effects on Δ when carbon uptake takes place primarily during the day. The effective use of Δ across its full range of applications will require a holistic view of the interplay between environmental control and physiological modulation of the environmental signal.

The pattern and density of dislocations in GaAs is thought to affect the ultimate performance of finished devices. Previous studies of dislocation networks have usually involved molten KOK etching of GaAs wafers or X-ray topography. A relatively new technique, Thermal Wave Microscopy (TWM), offers an alternative method of analysis. High frequency blanking of the scanning electron beam in an SEM produces thermal waves that propagate approximately 1–2 wavelength through a sample, are then carried by thermoacoustic waves and detected by a piezoelectric transducer. Dislocations, microcracks, and voids will disturb this wave and the resulting image will show a change in contrast (bright or dark) at the defect site. Resolution is dependent on the thermal properties of the material being analyzed as well as on the accelerating voltage, beam current, beam blanking frequency and phase of the electron beam. TWMim ages of dislocation networks in as-received GaAs are very similar in appearance to the results of molten KOH etching. TWM is a relatively new technique for microanalysis. Its full range of applications are still being explored. For determination of dislocation networks it is a faster, less cumbersome method of analysis. TWM is a basically nondestructive technique involving none of the uncertainties of molten KOH etching (etch time, etch uniformity). For this reason TWM is recommended as an alternative analytical technique.

Orthoses have evolved from simply maintaining bone fractures and correcting spinal deformities to full mechatronic systems that can read a person’s intention and translate that into a desired motion or force path. A vast variety in pathologies (e.g., stroke, muscular dystrophies), applications (e.g., daily assistance, research) and environments (e.g., home, clinic) are possible. The term dynamic hand orthosis is able to cover this full range of applications and is therefore used as an umbrella term. In order to map the research field of dynamic hand orthosis and improve on the state-of-the-art, this thesis proposes a design methodology that categorizes mechatronic components and collects rationale to make specific design choices through scoping a optimization. Finally, a proof-of-principle dynamic hand orthosis was made and tested on a single participant in a case study experiment.

Bulk black phosphorus (BP) consists of puckered layers of phosphorus atoms. Few-layer BP, obtained from bulk BP by exfoliation, is an emerging candidate as a channel material in post-silicon electronics. A deep understanding of its physical properties and its full range of applications are still being uncovered. In this paper, we present a theoretical and experimental investigation of phonon properties in few-layer BP, focusing on the low-frequency regime corresponding to interlayer vibrational modes. We show that the interlayer breathing mode A(3)g shows a large redshift with increasing thickness; the experimental and theoretical results agree well. This thickness dependence is two times larger than that in the chalcogenide materials, such as few-layer MoS2 and WSe2, because of the significantly larger interlayer force constant and smaller atomic mass in BP. The derived interlayer out-of-plane force constant is about 50% larger than that of graphene and MoS2. We show that this large interlayer force constant arises from the sizable covalent interaction between phosphorus atoms in adjacent layers and that interlayer interactions are not merely of the weak van der Waals type. These significant interlayer interactions are consistent with the known surface reactivity of BP and have been shown to be important for electric-field induced formation of Dirac cones in thin film BP.

A central challenge for atomic level simulations of minerals is to be able to model the crystal structure, thermodynamics and atom transport. Clearly, if the same technique is employed then the underlying relationships between these properties can be examined. There are two atomistic simulation techniques that have been used to model these three properties for minerals, lattice dynamics (LD) and molecular dynamics (MD). The aim of this chapter is to describe these techniques and show, via a series of examples, how these methods can be applied. Both techniques involve solving Newton’s Laws of Motion but differ in the approximations made. Lattice dynamics involves analytical solution of the equations of motion followed by the use of a statistical mechanical treatment to obtain the thermodynamic properties, such as free-energy and heat capacity. The central assumption of LD is that the vibrational modes in the material are harmonic. Hence this approach can not be used reliably for liquids but has been used extensively for modeling the thermal properties of solids (e.g., reviews by Born and Huang 1954; Cochran 1973; and Barron et al. 1980). In contrast, molecular dynamics uses a numerical solution to the equations of motion where the atom positions and velocities are updated regularly and hence is not constrained to solids and can be readily applied to fluids (e.g., Allen and Tildesley 1989 and references therein). The consequence of using a numerical solution is that it requires much more computer CPU time, particularly when evaluating thermodynamic data. However, by not making assumptions about the potential energy surface, MD has the potential to be more accurate. The expansion in the application of both of these techniques to minerals in the last few years has resulted in many publications. The full range of applications is considerable and beyond the scope of …

Alkali-activated materials

The aviation Internet Protocol (IP) network will be comprised of manned and unmanned aircraft, ground infrastructure, air to ground access network service providers, Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSP), content provider networks, OEM networks, airline and operator networks and devices, and supporting infrastructure (includes PKI, mobility and management etc.). There will be a full range of applications and protocols that will adopt and exploit the aviation IP network. It is key to understand the security and performance characteristics of the aviation IP networks. Many of the applications, services and protocols that could drive deployment of Internet Protocol Suite (IPS) networking in aviation can only be developed if control and management planes of the network will be secure. Yet, to really understand these properties we need studies of the whole aviation IP network's control and management plane interfaces and sub interfaces protection and security, which are difficult to obtain. To date most studies have not been completed in this area, or the analyses have been conducted using unrealistic network mobility models. To address this issue, we present an extensive analysis of an aviation IP network control and management plane's security in the context of mobility generated by both air to ground and ground to ground systems. We combined control plane and management plane data security to address the aviation IP network security issues and explore the security provision mechanisms to protect aviation critical infrastructure. Hence, this analysis and security mechanisms are a more accurate representation of future aviation IP networks, since it reflects the realistic aviation network eco-system. We analyzed the network to identify and characterize the key properties starting from the characteristics of the aircraft movement and dependency on the IP network control and management plane's security framework. We then explored the security issus related to the IPS control and management planes and evaluated how the security issue impact the design space for deployment.

Review: ca. 80 refs.

What has since become known as the normal coupled cluster method (NCCM) was invented about thirty years ago to calculate ground-state energies of closed-shell atomic nuclei. Coupled cluster (CC) techniques have since been developed to calculate excited states, energies of open-shell systems, density matrices and hence other properties, sum rules, and the sub-sum-rules that follow from imbedding linear response theory within the NCCM. Further extensions deal both with systems at nonzero temperature and with general dynamical behaviour. More recently, a new version of CC theory, the so-called extended coupled cluster method (ECCM) has been introduced. It has the potential to describe such global phenomena as phase transitions, spontaneous symmetry breaking, states of topological excitation, and nonequilibrium behaviour. CC techniques are now widely recognized as providing one of the most universally applicable, most powerful, and most accurate of all microscopicab initio methods in quantum many-body theory. The number of successful applications within physics is now impressively large. In most such cases the numerical results are either the best or among the best available. A typical case is the electron gas, where the CC results for the correlation energy agree over the entire metallic density range to within less than 1 millihartree (or <1%) with the essentially exact Green's function Monte Carlo results. The role of CC theory within modern quantum many-body theory is first surveyed, by a comparison with other techniques. Its full range of applications in physics is then reviewed. These include problems in nuclear physics, both for finite nuclei and infinite nuclear matter; the electron gas; various integrable and nonintegrable models; various relativistic quantum field theories; and quantum spin chain and lattice models. Particular applications of the ECCM include the quantum hydrodynamics of a zero-temperature, strongly-interacting condensed Bose fluid; a charged impurity in a polarizable medium (e.g., positron annihilation in metals); and various anharmonic oscillator and spin systems.

Techniques to measure particulate matter emissions from stationary sources: A critical technology review using Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA)

The Model 85 is a high-performance system that will execute programs that run on smaller SYSTEM/360 computers. Its basic design includes monolithic circuits, very wide data paths, an 80-nanosecond internal buffer of at least 16K bytes, and a high-speed multiply feature. The system is designed for high throughput over a full range of applications. Among the features that bolster throughput, in addition to the high internal performance, are an exceptionally large main storage, instruction retry, error correction in main storage, and improved diagnostic and maintenance facilities.