Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted great attention for their applications in chemical sensors mainly due to their high porosity resulting in high density of spatially accessible active sites, which can interact with the aimed analyte. Among various MOFs, frameworks constructed from group 4 metal-based (e.g., zirconium, titanium, hafnium, and cerium) MOFs, have become especially of interest for the sensors requiring the operations in aqueous media owing to their remarkable chemical stability in water. Research efforts have been made to utilize these group 4 metal-based MOFs in chemosensors such as luminescent sensors, colorimetric sensors, electrochemical sensors, and resistive sensors for a range of analytes since 2013. Though several studies in this subfield have been published especially over the past 3–5 years, some challenges and concerns are still there and sometimes they might be overlooked. In this review, we aim to highlight the recent progress in the use of group 4 metal-based MOFs in chemical sensors, and focus on the challenges, potential concerns, and opportunities in future studies regarding the developments of such chemically robust MOFs for sensing applications.
Highlights
The sensitive, selective, and accurate detection of various environmental pollutants in the gas, vapor, and liquid phase is a very important task for environment monitoring, food safety, medical diagnosis, occupational safety, toxic/hazardous chemical management, and industrial process management [1,2,3]
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy after the targeted sensing application are recommended in order to ensure the stability of the issued metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) during the sensing operations
In 2018, Guo and coworkers demonstrated the incorporation of the fluorescent Eu(III) sites into a Zr-MOF, UiO-66-(COOH)2, by post-synthetic modifications (PSM), and the resulting material could detect hydrazine hydrate in ethanol solutions [107]; the strong luminescent response originated from Eu(III) sites could be significantly quenched by the analyte
Summary
The sensitive, selective, and accurate detection of various environmental pollutants in the gas, vapor, and liquid phase is a very important task for environment monitoring, food safety, medical diagnosis, occupational safety, toxic/hazardous chemical management, and industrial process management [1,2,3]. A schematic schematic illustration illustration of of the the interactions regard,new as aclass relatively new class potentialfor active materials In this regard, In as this a relatively of potential activeofmaterials chemical sen- for chemical sensors, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), known as porouspolymers coordination polymers sors, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), known as porous coordination (PCPs), have been intriguing, andapplied frequently appliedresearch by several research groups. Zr(IV),toHf(IV), or Ce(IV), and usually carboxylate-based linkers Owing to their exceptional chemical stabilities in water under a wider range of chemical pH pH [27,28,30], such MOFs are considered as attractive candidates for sensing [27,28,30], such. Hf(IV)-based to the same group in the periodic table with the similar electronic configurations (dMOFs (Hf-MOFs) usually show similar physical properties and structures compared to their. MOFs for sensors published eachobtained year, obtained from of Science database
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