Abstract
Groundwater pollution is imminent in most developing countries as a result of increased anthropogenic activities apart from possible natural pollutants. This study reviewed groundwater pollution and discussed possible remediation measures. Sources of pollution can be categorized into two major types: point source pollution and non-point source pollution. Point source pollution (e.g. municipal sewage treatment plant and industrial plant, intense evaporation in shallow aquifers, degradation of water sources in areas located in geothermal/volcanic fields, and rock oxidation) is a single identify localized source while non-point source pollution (diffuse sources such as human land use, land use changes, chemical reactions of elements in the air or in the water and pollutes runoff from agricultural areas draining into a river) is characterized by multiple discharge point. Point source is relatively easy to identify, quantify and control. On the other hand, non-point source is difficult to monitor and control because the pollution cannot be traced to a single point of discharge. Pollution occurrence depends on the level of contaminant transported. Contaminants can be transported through filtration, sorption, chemical processes, microbiological decomposition and dilution. Groundwater pollution may cause ecosystem imbalance apart from severe sickness which may lead to death. Prevention of groundwater pollution is more appropriate than remediation. Such preventive measures include proper waste disposal, monitoring of hazardous materials, conducting environmental audit periodically and intensifying health education while remediation includes stream stripping, oxygen sparging, bioremediation, chemical oxidation and thermal treatment. This study revealed two main sources (point source and non-point source) of pollution with non-point pollution more difficult to remediate due to extent of spread. In addition, most pollution of groundwater is anthropocentric and can be prevented through intensive health education.
Highlights
Water covers over 70% of the earth surface and is undoubtedly the most precious natural resource that exists on the earth
Groundwater resources are vital for human life and health, societal development and the preservation of the natural ecosystems
Various and multiple sources of groundwater pollution have been identified which include a series of both natural and anthropogenic sources. Human activities such as over abstraction, insufficient wastewater treatment, disposal and industrial activities and use of fertilizers in agriculture represent the main sources of groundwater contaminants
Summary
Water covers over 70% of the earth surface and is undoubtedly the most precious natural resource that exists on the earth. Water is a key ingredient surporting food production, sanitation and rural livelihoods, as well as ensuring continuity and functioning of ecosystem It dictates the pace of settlement and agricultural and industrial development of any society and even in recent time, establishment of any human settlement is usually centered on available source of water supply and in modern time, issue of water has taken prominences in global matters [1]. In the course of the various processes of infiltration and the contribution of river and drainage systems to the base-flow, natural water-rock interactions ensue apart from anthropogenic activities that can introduce pollutant into the groundwater system [10]. The focus of this study is on groundwater pollution with a view to detecting sources of pollution, its effects, indicators, solutions and the methods of preventing/remediating it
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