Ground-state cooling enabled by critical coupling and dark entangled states

Abstract

We analyze the cooling of a mechanical resonator coupled to an ensemble of interacting two-level systems via an open quantum systems approach. Using an exact analytical result, we find optimal cooling occurs when the phonon mode is critically coupled $(\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\sim}g)$ to the two-level system ensemble. Typical systems operate in suboptimal cooling regimes due to the intrinsic parameter mismatch $(\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gg}g)$ between the dissipative decay rate $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and the coupling factor $g$. To overcome this obstacle, we show that carefully engineering the coupling parameters through the strain profile of the mechanical resonator allows phonon cooling to proceed through the dark (subradiant) entangled states of an interacting ensemble, thereby resulting in optimal phonon cooling. Our results provide an avenue for ground-state cooling and should be accessible for experimental demonstrations.