Abstract
The future power system, characterized by lower inertia, reduced programmability and more distributed architecture, will depend on prompt and reliable control systems. Quick ancillary services provided by battery energy storage systems (BESS) could be a resource in order to deliver fast and precise response to frequency events. Degrees of freedom in the design of innovative products traded on ancillary services markets give the asset manager room for developing state-of-charge (SoC) restoration mechanisms. These are necessary to effectively exploit BESS as key resources for electricity balancing. This study compares the main SoC restoration strategies. It aims to define which ones are suitable for guaranteeing the reliability of the provision and the return on the investment. A robust regulatory framework analysis describes the degrees of freedom guaranteed by the main experiences around Europe. In this paper, a BESS model with variable efficiency is used to compare the provision of Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR) with different SoC restoration strategies exploiting one or more degrees of freedom. Here, we show that the degrees of freedom are key to the reliability of provision. Among most diffused mechanisms, dead-band strategies secure the desired consistency, but require large energy flows for SoC management. Thus, BESS life and economics decrease. The strategies based on minimum available energy guarantee assured reliability while being fair with BESS life and operation costs.
Highlights
As the renewable energy sources (RES) penetration level increases, frequency deviations are more frequent because of the inherent uncertainty of solar and wind sources
Given the pivotal need for new resources for the grid’s frequency control, as detailed in the previous chapter, this study focuses on the use of a battery energy storage systems (BESS) numerical model to analyze Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR) provision
A reliable BESS model is required in order to provide a realistic figure; in the proposed study a runtime SoC evolution empirical model developed on experimental data by a large-scale industrial
Summary
As the renewable energy sources (RES) penetration level increases, frequency deviations are more frequent because of the inherent uncertainty of solar and wind sources. As RES are typically connected to the grid through a power electronic inverter, substituting the conventional power plants with power electronic inverters will decrease the inertia of the power system. Long-term renewable energy integrations studies show that the rise in renewables could call for increased levels of frequency control [1,2,3]. Frequency control is included in the ancillary services necessary to guarantee the quality of supply and stability in the power systems [4]. It assures the real-time balance between electricity generation and demand. Energy storage systems (ESS) are capable of providing different services to the electric grid: peak shaving, load leveling, spinning reserve, capacity firming, up to
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