Abstract
The renewable energy sources (RESs) dominated power grid is an envisaged infrastructure of the future power system, where the commonly used grid following (GFL) control for grid-tied converters suffers from lacking grid support capability, low stability, etc. Recently, emerging grid forming (GFM) control methods have been proposed to improve the dynamic performance and stability of grid-tied converters. This paper reviews existing GFM control methods for the grid-tied converters and compares them in terms of control structure, grid support capability, fault current limiting, and stability. Considering the impact of fault current limiting strategies, a comprehensive transient stability analysis is provided. In addition, this paper explores the typical applications of GFM converters, such as AC microgrid and offshore wind farm high-voltage direct current (OWF-HVDC) integration systems. Finally, the challenges to the GFM converters in future applications are discussed.
Highlights
HIGH penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs), e.g., wind power and photovoltaic solar, has gained in‐ creasing attention in recent years to deal with the climate change problem and pave ways to build a carbon-neutral so‐ ciety [1] - [3]
The fundamental idea behind this power synchronization loop (PSL)-based grid forming (GFM) con‐ trol lies in the emulation of the rotor characteristics of synchronous generator (SG), which enable RESs to self-synchronize with power grids without phase-locked loop (PLL), share power among different power sources, and provide grid support to improve frequency response
Reference [15] provides the equivalent structure of the grid following (GFL) converter, which behaves as a con‐ trolled current source parallel with an impedance Z, as de‐ picted in Fig. 2 [15], where CP denotes the outer power con‐ trol loop; the superscript “*” means the corresponding reference value; and V1 is the grid-side voltage
Summary
HIGH penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs), e.g., wind power and photovoltaic solar, has gained in‐ creasing attention in recent years to deal with the climate change problem and pave ways to build a carbon-neutral so‐ ciety [1] - [3]. The fundamental idea behind this PSL-based GFM con‐ trol lies in the emulation of the rotor characteristics of SGs, which enable RESs to self-synchronize with power grids without PLL, share power among different power sources, and provide grid support to improve frequency response. It can overcome the drawbacks of GFL control. Aiming at investigating the GFM control for future RESs dominated grid, this paper carries out the overview of the state-of-the-art of GFM control with a focus on control struc‐ tures, AC fault current limiting capability, stability, applica‐ tion prospects, and future challenges.
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