Abstract
Abstract. The earthquake seismology and seismic exploration communities have developed a variety of seismic imaging methods for passive- and active-source data. Despite the seemingly different approaches and underlying principles, many of those methods are based in some way or another on Green's theorem. The aim of this paper is to discuss a variety of imaging methods in a systematic way, using a specific form of Green's theorem (the homogeneous Green's function representation) as a common starting point. The imaging methods we cover are time-reversal acoustics, seismic interferometry, back propagation, source–receiver redatuming and imaging by double focusing. We review classical approaches and discuss recent developments that fully account for multiple scattering, using the Marchenko method. We briefly indicate new applications for monitoring and forecasting of responses to induced seismic sources, which are discussed in detail in a companion paper.
Highlights
The earthquake seismology and seismic exploration communities have developed a variety of seismic imaging methods for passive- and active-source data, based on a wide range of principles such as time-reversal acoustics, Green’s function retrieval by noise correlation, back propagation and source–receiver redatuming
The classical homogeneous Green’s function representation, originally developed for optical image formation by holograms, expresses the Green’s function plus its time-reversal between two arbitrary points in terms of an integral along a surface enclosing these points. It forms a unified basis for a variety of seismic imaging methods, such as time-reversal acoustics, seismic interferometry, back propagation, source– receiver redatuming and imaging by double focusing
We have derived each of these methods by applying some simple manipulations to the classical homogeneous Green’s function representation, which implies that these methods are all very similar
Summary
The earthquake seismology and seismic exploration communities have developed a variety of seismic imaging methods for passive- and active-source data, based on a wide range of principles such as time-reversal acoustics, Green’s function retrieval by noise correlation (a form of seismic interferometry), back propagation ( known as holography) and source–receiver redatuming. We discuss a recently developed single-sided representation of the homogeneous Green’s function We use this to derive, in the same systematic way, modified seismic imaging methods that account for multiple reflections between layer interfaces. In several places we give references to extensions of the methods that account for the full elastodynamic wave field
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