Greenhouse gas emissions from advanced oxidation processes in the degradation of bisphenol A: a comparative study of the H2O2/UV, TiO2 /UV, and ozonation processes.

Abstract

To estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and degradation rate constants (kobs) from H2O2/UV-C, TiO2/UV-C, and ozonation processes in the degradation of bisphenol A (BPA), the laboratory scale experiments were conducted. In the H2O2/UV-C process, the fastest degradation rate constant (kobs=0.353min-1) was observed at 4mM of H2O2, while the minimum GHG emission was achieved at 3mM of H2O2. In the TiO2/UV-C process, the fastest rate constant (kobs = 0.126min-1) was achieved at 2000mg/L of TiO2, while the minimum GHG emission was observed at 400mg/L of TiO2. In the ozonation process, GHG emissions were minimal at 5mg/L of O3, but the degradation rate constant kept on increasing as the O3 concentration increased. There were three major types of GHG emissions in the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). In the ozonation process, most of the GHG emissions were generated by electricity consumption. TiO2/UV-C process accounted for a significant portion of the GHGs generated by the use of chemicals. Finally, the H2O2/UV-C process produced similar GHG emissions from both chemical inputs and electricity consumption. The carbon footprint calculation revealed that for the treatment of 1m3 of water contaminated with 0.04mM BPA, the H2O2/UV-C process had the smallest carbon footprint (0.565kg CO2 eq/m3), followed by the TiO2/UV-C process (3.445kg CO2 eq/m3) and the ozonation process (3.897kg CO2 eq/m3). Our results imply that the increase in removal rate constant might not be the optimal parameter for reducing GHG emissions during the application of these processes. Graphical abstract .