Abstract
Numerous linkages among Agriculture and climate change have been identified and validated in global terms. In European Union, the economic performance–carbon dioxide emission relationship has become a particularly high priority issue for Common agricultural policy within the last decade, attracting scientific interest. Within this socio–economic framework, the present work studies the relationship between agricultural carbon emissions equivalents and income per capita for the agricultural sector in different EU countries with the assistance of the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) cointegration technique. Our findings validate the existence of a strong relationship between GHG emissions and agricultural income, since the cointegration among the two variables is established in all instances, while the asymmetric impact of agricultural income on carbon emissions may well provide policy makers with tools which when implemented, may well promote the increase of agricultural income along with GHG effect mitigation in a successful way.
Highlights
The agricultural income–climate change relationship in global and European Union (EU) terms can be documented through different interlinkages while the concept of sustainability has become a high priority issue for EU agriculture [1]
The manuscript is organized as follows: The section describes the existing literature, Section 3 presents the agriculture in different EU countries, Section 4 provides a subtle description of data used and the methodology on Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed-lagged (NARDL) modelling, Section 4 outlines the results of the data process and an insight in the implications of those results, while the last section concludes
The first step in our effort to study the relationship among carbon emissions equivalent and per capita agricultural income is to exclude the existence of I(2) and higher degree of integration variables for each individual country in order to proceed to the second step
Summary
The agricultural income–climate change relationship in global and European Union (EU) terms can be documented through different interlinkages while the concept of sustainability has become a high priority issue for EU agriculture [1]. EU efforts focus on the reductions in GHG emissions without limiting the competitiveness of EU agriculture and its ability to satisfy growing global food demand, and these efforts are tightly related to agricultural income Within this framework the present manuscript has as an objective to survey the relationship carbon emissions equivalent generated by agriculture–agricultural income in selected countries of European Union with variation in terms of the size of agriculture, of the point of economic growth as well as the behavior of the farmers regarding the implementation of specific environmental measures ([3,12] Frank et al, 2017; Kalfagianni and Kuik 2017). The manuscript is organized as follows: The section describes the existing literature, Section 3 presents the agriculture in different EU countries, Section 4 provides a subtle description of data used and the methodology on Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed-lagged (NARDL) modelling, Section 4 outlines the results of the data process and an insight in the implications of those results, while the last section concludes
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